There are thirteen thoracic vertebrae present in the vertebral dog column. The first nine thoracic vertebrae are almost similar in their structure, but the last four thoracic vertebrae possess some differences from each other. The lateral condyle is convex in both the sagittal and transverse planes. Again, the medial condyle of the dog femur is small and convex in both the sagittal and transverse planes. The anatomy of the dog scapula is somewhat different from that of the ruminant scapula. First, you may know the details of an idea scapula of an animal (example – cow or goat scapula). Then it will be better to compare with the dog scapula anatomy. The most important osteological features of the dog ischium bone are the body, arch, tuber ischii, and tuberosity. Teres major: originates on the scapula and inserts on the teres major tuberosity of the humerus. It acts to flex the shoulder and rotate the arm medially. It is innervated by the axillary nerve.

The upper part of the body is prismatic, and the lower part is cylindrical. Again, the cylindrical part possesses facets laterally for articulation with the fibula bone

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The male has what’s known as a bulbus glandis. This is what’s responsible for the tie that occurs during mating. What is interesting is how different shapes and sizes can be a factor in behavior, especially that brachy breeds tend to show more interest in humans and dolicocephalic breeds are less easily startled and also how different breeds have more fast twitch muscle fibers than others. Jay Neitz; Timothy Geist; Gerald H. Jacobs (1989). "Color Vision in the Dog" (PDF). Visual Neuroscience. 3 (2): 119–125. doi: 10.1017/s0952523800004430. PMID 2487095. S2CID 23509491. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015.

Teres minor: originates on the infra glenoid tubercle on the scapula and inserts on the teres minor tuberosity of the humerus. It acts to flex the shoulder and rotate the arm laterally. It is innervated by the axillary nerve. While the human brain is dominated by a large visual cortex, the dog brain is dominated by a large olfactory cortex. [24] Dogs have roughly forty times more smell-sensitive receptors than humans, ranging from about 125million to nearly 300million in some dog breeds, such as bloodhounds. [24] Taste [ edit ] The axial skeleton contains one hundred and thirty-four (134) bones. On the other hand, you will find one hundred and eighty-six (186) bones in the appendicular skeleton. In addition, you will also find one heterotropic bone in the dog skeletal system.While a dog may totally ignore you in search of that squirrel, his hearing is actually pretty incredible. A human’s range of hearing is between 64Hz to 23kHz. A dog’s range is 67Hz to 45kHz; a much bigger range.