Neither the RAW files that you open in Photoshop, Silkypix or Lightroom and the jpg files from the camera show any distortion across the entire zoom range. If we open the RAW files with software that does not apply any corrections, then we see the characteristic pattern of barrel-shaped distortion at the shortest focal distance to pincushion-shaped distortion at the longest focal distance. In comparison with 70-200 mm zooms on a camera with a full-frame sensor, the distortion is low, as you can expect from a smaller lens. a href="http://visualfractions.com/calculator/fraction-as-decimal/what-is-35-100-as-a-decimal/">What is 35/100 as a decimal? The markup formula is as follows: markup = 100 × profit / cost. We multiply by 100 because we express markup as a percentage, not as a fraction (25% is the same as 0.25 or 1/4 or 20/80). Note that the markup formula is just a simple percent increase formula!

A big discrepancy between different resolution results by f/5.6 is an interesting phenomenon. At the maximum relative aperture the tested lens gets to a sensational level of almost 79 lpmm, at shorter focal lengths it fares significantly worse. At 100 mm the resolution value is so good that it seems only diffraction limits its height, with all other aberrations reduced to the absolute minimum. For a change at the shorter end the off-axis aberrations can’t be eliminated so fast so they still influence the image quality. We think the constructors could tried to reach a compromise here – the main aim was to ensure the highest image quality only by f/2.8 and f/4.0 which are used the most often in the case of such a lens type. What is 35/100 as a decimal?. VisualFractions.com. Retrieved from http://visualfractions.com/calculator/fraction-as-decimal/what-is-35-100-as-a-decimal/. Wydawc Lower markup ratios should be used for key-value products where consumers have a stronger price perception.Scarborough, N. M. and Cornwall, J. R.: Essentials of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management. Global Edition. Pearson Education Limited (2016). Pure RAW score:This table shows the performance of this lens when the file is stored in the camera in RAW format. This score approaches the intrinsic quality of the combination of lens and test camera. If you make use of Photoshop, Lightroom or SilkyPix for converting RAW files, then the RAW scores for distortion, vignetting and chromatic aberration are the same as the jpg scores. AF works fast—on the GM5 with speeds up to 240 fps with the high-speed contrast auto focus system—and accurately. The internal focus drive system and the step motor are quiet: ideal for photos and video shots. The minimal focal distance is 91 cm.

WYSIWYG score:This table shows the performance of this lens if you store the files in the camera as jpg, with all available in-camera lens corrections (see: distortion) applied. This score gives you for this lens/test camera combination: “What you see is what you get”. Here's the little secret you can use to instantly transform any fraction to a decimal: Simply divide the numerator by the denominator: The resolution test of the Panasonic G X VARIO 35–100 mm f/2.8 P.O.I.S was based on RAW files from the Olympus E-PL1. In the case of that body the highest results, achieved by the best fixed focus lenses are about 80 lpmm. The ‘pancake’ lenses, produced by Panasonic, got as high as 70-75 lpmm. The decency level is situated near 42-44 lpmm. Look in our list of reviewed lenses or in our list of reviewed micro-43 lenses to compare the performance of this lens with that of other lenses. I wish I had more to tell you about converting a fraction into a decimal but it really is that simple and there's nothing more to say about it.In real life, we mostly deal with decimals (like currency, for example) and since our brains are taught from a young age to understand and compare decimals more often than they are fractions, it's easier to understand and compare fractions if they are converted to a decimal first!

The sharpness in the corners at full aperture is already reasonably high, but not as high as in the center. The difference is so small that most photographers will not see the difference. That comes from the correction of distortion in the jpg files (and RAW files that you open in Photoshop or Lightroom). The uncorrected RAW files are sharp from center to corner. The situation on the edge of the frame looks good - it is perhaps the most appropriate word because we cannot call it either bad or outstanding. This time the weakest result is observed at 63 mm where, at the maximum relative aperture, we get MTFs near 42 lpmm. It is practically our decency level limit and some people might consider such images as not sharp. Fortunately for the rest of focal lengths the performance is better. The tested lens reaches the peak of its possibilities by f/5.6 where, at all focal lengths, it keeps the results on a very good level of almost 60 lpmm. You can of course always start to carp that this level could have been a tad higher. On the other hand, though, higher results had only such outstanding lenses as the Olympus1.8/45 or the Olympus 1.8/75 – which are not only ‘primes’ but also they are noticeably faster so there is more room to fight aberrations of different kind. Simon, H. and Fassnacht, M.: Price Management - Strategy, Analysis, Decision, Implementation. Springer Nature Switzerland AG (2019). Detail shot of a new market hall in Rotterdam that opened 1 October 2014.(Panasonic GM5, 1600 ISO, 64mm, f/6.3, 1/125 sec) Managers in the retail sector are particularly well known for applying the cost-plus pricing scheme and rule of thumb methods. However, markups in retail don't follow a universal pattern. Instead, different markups are applied on distinct products depending on some experience-based principles:On a Panasonic camera, any lateral chromatic aberration from Panasonic lenses will be automatically corrected. That doesn’t work the same on all Olympus cameras, but in this case it makes little difference because even in the uncorrected RAW files, the chromatic aberration appears to be well suppressed; in the corners it’s a bit more than 1 pixel. The aspherical lens elements and two extra-low dispersion (ED) elements—which you don’t often find in less expensive lenses—help to reduce chromatic aberrations and ensure high contrast. Image of the new market hall in Rotterdam that opened recently.(Panasonic GM5, 1600 ISO, 35mm, f/4, 1/40 sec) and need your help to share helpful educational videos. Please HIT the RED YOUTUBE BUTTON bellow to Vignetting at full opening and particularly at the shortest focal distance is visible, but not thereafter. Here you see a practice shot of a blue light. Move your mouse over the image for the Imatest results. That’s a good performance from the Panasonic designers, given the compact format of this lens. On the Olympus test camera, the vignetting in jpg files was the same as in the un-corrected RAW files. It’s possible that vignetting is corrected in Panasonic cameras. Vignetting is simple to correct with software, but that will almost never be needed.