Successes of U.S. and Western Soft Power: Iranian leaders have expressed alarm that the Iranian population is increasingly attracted to Western culture and political values. Iranian leaders have long been concerned about "Westoxification" (or gharbzadegi), including the loss of Iranian culture to Western arts and education, and remain concerned today about Western soft power. As Ayatollah Khamenei lamented, “The issue of engineering information and the new means of mass communication that have entered the arena are all tools for dominating the culture of a country . . . The same is true of the internet, of cyberspace, and of information services and tools. These things cannot be in the hands of the enemy. Yet, today they are in his hands. Today, [the media networks] are tools and instruments for cultural infiltration. Today, they are the enemy’s tools for cultural domination.” 73 The ICRO is also responsible for appointing cultural attachés in Iranian embassies abroad, who help promote Iranian cultureand political values. They frequently interact with social elites from host countries. The attachés can also provide cover for Iranian intelligence operations. For instance, Mohsen Rabbani, an Iranian cultural attaché in Argentina, was indicted for his role in the bombing of a Jewish cultural center in Buenos Aires in 1994. 47Outside of its officiallocations and unofficial cultural centers abroad, the ICRO also relies on other groups operating under its umbrella to fulfill its cultural diplomacy mission: Today, the state maintains a monopoly over all national television and radio broadcasting, as mandated by Article 44 of Iran’s constitution. 14As a result, IRIB is responsible for all of Iran's domestic and external programming. 15It began international television broadcasts in 1997 with the launch of its Jaam-e-Jam service, which broadcast Persian- language programming to a largely expatriate audience. 16IRIB then began to diversify its international reach with channels and programming in different languages. As highlighted in Figure 2, IRIB first established the multilingual Sahar TV, then later expanded to include Al-Alam, Al-Kawthar, Press TV, HispanTV, and iFilm TV.

Soft Warfare. Soft warfare is the deliberate and Defining Soft Warfare. Soft warfare is the deliberate and

The Iranian government established the Islamic Culture and Relations Organization (ICRO) in an attempt to streamline Iran’s cultural and religious outreach. Like other aspects of Iran’s soft power, it is heavily centralized. 40The ICRO is nominally under the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance but is funded by—and reports to—the office of the supreme leader. 41The ICRO’s mission is to strengthen ties with countries and populations overseas through educational, religious, and artistic events and exhibitions. 42 Nye popularised the term in his 1990 book, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. [2] Supplementing IRIB's foreign-language channels is the Jaam-e Jam (or “Cup of Jamshid,” a Persian mythological figure) network, which offers Persian-language programming aimed at Iranian expatriates and those interested in Persian culture and civilization. 32Jaam-e Jam was established in December 1997 and has expanded into three separate channels: Channel 1 broadcasts to Europe and the Middle East; Channel 2 primarily broadcasts to North America; and Channel 3 serves the Asia-Pacific region. 33In addition, some of Iran’s partners, such as Lebanese Hezbollah, have established television stations. In 1991, Hezbollah created its own television station, Al-Manar (the Lighthouse), to supplement its newspapers and radio stations. In 2000, Hezbollah began broadcasting Al-Manar via satellite from its base of operations in the Shia-controlled neighborhood of Harat Hurayk in the southern suburbs of Beirut. The most well-known of these works is Unhappy China, by Song Qiang, Huang Jisu, Song Xiaojun, Wang Xiaodong, and Liu Yang, which was published in 2009 and has sold hundreds of thousands of copies. Soft power with Chinese characteristics: China's campaign for hearts and minds. Edney, Kingsley, Rosen, Stanley, Zhu, Ying, editors. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 2020. ISBN 978-1-351-80435-6. OCLC 1130023014. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: others ( link)Roussel, Frédérique (2006-02-23). "Thierry Breton, intelligence artificielle"[Thierry Breton, artificial intelligence]. Libération.fr (in French). Libération . Retrieved 2019-10-19. Brannagan, Paul Michael; Giulianotti, Richard (2018). "The soft power–soft disempowerment nexus: The case of Qatar". International Affairs. 94 (5): 1139–1157. doi: 10.1093/ia/iiy125. Friedberg, Aaron L. A Contest for Supremacy: China, America and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia, New York: Norton Publishing, 2011.

Soft war: the ethics of unarmed conflict | International Soft war: the ethics of unarmed conflict | International

millones de personas hablan español, cinco millones más que hace un año, y aumentarán a 754 millones a mediados de siglo". www.cervantes.es. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. The Elcano Global Presence Report scores the EU first for soft presence. [23] Soft power, then, represents the third behavioral way of getting the outcomes you want. Soft power is contrasted with hard power, which has historically been the predominant realist measure of national power, through quantitative metrics such as population size, concrete military assets, or a nation's gross domestic product. But having such resources does not always produce the desired outcomes, as the United States discovered in the Vietnam War.The Soft Power 30 - A Global Ranking of Soft Power" (PDF). Portland. July 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2015. Islamic charitable foundations, or bonyads, have also been an important instrument of Iranian soft power. Some foundations existed prior to the 1979 revolution, including in the form of waqfs (or religious endowments). They provided humanitarian aid to the poor and other populations in need, though they also served as slush funds for some elites. 54After the 1979 revolution, there was a major increase in the scale and scope of bonyads. The supreme leader appoints the directors of the bonyads.

Airsoft War Games. Airsoft Site Wolverhampton Telford Ace Airsoft War Games. Airsoft Site Wolverhampton Telford

United States, for its part, is increasingly less capable of assuming the role of global leader and is undergoing a regression that some have called a slow decline and others an unavoidable evolution in the relationship of international forces. European countries are in a similar situation. On the other side, “emerging” powers are confronted with political and social challenges that will remain the same or increase in some cases. Thus it would be hasty to think that they will replace the West on the center stage. One could even ask whether the future might be characterized by the absence of superpowers. There would then be a superposition of more or less dominant powers in different sectors, either forced to cooperate or be rivals; partial powers, in short. International relations would be organized around a G0, to take up the idea introduced by Ian Bremmer, [20] with no real leader. This apolar environment would not be characterized by a return to rivalries between powers as in the last century, but by targeted confrontations in specific domains where soft power strategies would be clearly more effective than military arsenals. But what if that time is already here? The time of soft wars The Islamic Development Organization (IDO), which publishes religious and other material and sends missionaries abroad;McGray, Douglas (1 May 2002). "Japan's Gross National Cool". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 September 2012. Constant, Linda (14 November 2011). "K-pop: Soft Power for the Global Cool". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2013. According to a 2018 study in the American Sociological Review, France had greater influence on European geopolitics than Britain in the 18th century because of its cultural and symbolic power. [58] Germany [ edit ]

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Nye, Joseph S. (2010). "The future of soft power in US foreign policy". Soft Power and US Foreign Policy. Routledge. pp.16–23.

Nguyen, Joana (2023-04-10). "Japan's leading business lobby group says anime, manga key to economic growth". South China Morning Post. The Oxford English Dictionary records the phrase "soft power" (meaning "power (of a nation, state, alliance, etc.) deriving from economic and cultural influence, rather than coercion or military strength") from 1985. [4] Joseph Nye popularized the concept of "soft power" in the late 1980s. [5] international relations in general and in the study of conflicts in particular, appearances are often misleading. As such, in contrast to the spectacle offered to us in tumultuous news cycles and the popular beliefs they convey, can we question the change in nature and the notion of war between major powers? Could war now marginalize the choice of weapons and turn the focus to other battlefields, ones that involve the strategies of soft power? Oliver, Alex (2018-03-30). "How big is the Kremlin's diplomatic network?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2018-04-01 . Retrieved 2018-04-01. Wolfendale, Jessica (2017). Defining War. In Michael Gross & Tamar Meisels (eds.), Soft War: The Ethics of Unarmed Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 16-32.