C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2020 as ISO/IEC 14882:2020 (informally known as C++20). [17] The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which was then amended by the C++03, C++11, C++14, and C++17 standards. The current C++20 standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library. Before the initial standardization in 1998, C++ was developed by Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization. [18] Since 2012, C++ has been on a three-year release schedule [19] with C++23 as the next planned standard. [20] History [ edit ] Bjarne Stroustrup, the creator of C++, in his AT&T New Jersey office, c. 2000

Lewis wrote more than 30 books which have been translated into more than 30 languages and have sold millions of copies. The books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia have sold the most and have been popularized on stage, TV, radio, and cinema. His philosophical writings are widely cited by Christian scholars from many denominations. I believe in Christianity as I believe that the Sun has risen, not only because I see it but because by it I see everything else. [129] Gresham's cancer soon went into remission, and the couple lived together as a family with Warren Lewis until 1960, when her cancer recurred. She died on 13 July 1960. Earlier that year, the couple took a brief holiday in Greece and the Aegean; Lewis was fond of walking but not of travel, and this marked his only crossing of the English Channel after 1918. Lewis's book A Grief Observed describes his experience of bereavement in such a raw and personal fashion that he originally released it under the pseudonym N. W. Clerk to keep readers from associating the book with him. Ironically, many friends recommended the book to Lewis as a method for dealing with his own grief. After Lewis's death, his authorship was made public by Faber's, with the permission of the executors. [64] a b "Lewis, Clive Staples, (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963), Professor of Medieval and Renaissance English, Cambridge, 1954–66 (resigned October); also Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge (Hon. Fell., October 1963)". Lewis, Clive Staples. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2007. doi: 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U48011. ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 April 2018. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) Lindskoog, Kathyrn (2001). Sleuthing C. S. Lewis: More Light In The Shadowlands. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-730-8.Lewis also portrays Universal Morality in his works of fiction. In The Chronicles of Narnia he describes Universal Morality as the "deep magic" which everyone knew. [121] Edwards, Bruce L. (2005), Not a Tame Lion: The Spiritual World of Narnia. Tyndale. ISBN 1-4143-0381-5 After his conversion to Christianity, his interests gravitated towards Christian theology and away from pagan Celtic mysticism (as opposed to Celtic Christian mysticism). [20] Another short work, The Screwtape Letters, which he dedicated to J. R. R. Tolkien, consists of letters of advice from senior demon Screwtape to his nephew Wormwood on the best ways to tempt a particular human and secure his damnation. [97] Lewis's last novel was Till We Have Faces, which he thought of as his most mature and masterly work of fiction but which was never a popular success. It is a retelling of the myth of Cupid and Psyche from the unusual perspective of Psyche's sister. It is deeply concerned with religious ideas, but the setting is entirely pagan, and the connections with specific Christian beliefs are left implicit. [98] Books of the Century". Christianity Today. Vol.44, no.5. 24 April 2000. p.92. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2010. (subscription required)

In the second chapter of Mere Christianity, Lewis recognizes that "many people find it difficult to understand what this Law of Human Nature... is." And he responds first to the idea "that the Moral Law is simply our herd instinct" and second to the idea "that the Moral Law is simply a social convention". In responding to the second idea Lewis notes that people often complain that one set of moral ideas is better than another, but that this actually argues for there existing some "Real Morality" to which they are comparing other moralities. Finally, he notes that sometimes differences in moral codes are exaggerated by people who confuse differences in beliefs about morality with differences in beliefs about facts: Paul Stevens, review of "Reforming Empire: Protestant Colonialism and Conscience in British Literature" by Christopher Hodgkins, Modern Philology, Vol. 103, Issue 1 (August 2005), pp. 137–38, citing Humphrey Carpenter, The Inklings (London: Allen & Unwin, 1978), pp. 50–52, 206–207.Walter Hooper, Lewis's literary executor, discovered a fragment of another science-fiction novel apparently written by Lewis called The Dark Tower. Ransom appears in the story but it is not clear whether the book was intended as part of the same series of novels. The manuscript was eventually published in 1977, though Lewis scholar Kathryn Lindskoog doubts its authenticity. [91] The Mountains of Mourne inspired Lewis to write The Chronicles of Narnia. About them, Lewis wrote "I have seen landscapes... which, under a particular light, make me feel that at any moment a giant might raise his head over the next ridge." [92]

Davis, Stephen T. (2004). "Was Jesus Mad, Bad, or God?". In Stephen T. Davis, Daniel Kendall and Gerald O'Collins (ed.). The incarnation: an interdisciplinary symposium on the incarnation of the Son of God. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.222–223. ISBN 978-0-19-927577-9. OCLC 56656427. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021 . Retrieved 16 October 2015. a b Peters, Thomas C. (1997). Simply C. S. Lewis: A Beginner's Guide to the Life and Works of C. S. Lewis. Crossway Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-0891079484. a b Arnott, Anne (1975). The Secret Country of C. S. Lewis. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p.73. ISBN 978-0802834683.In addition to his scholarly work, Lewis wrote several popular novels, including the science fiction Space Trilogy for adults and the Narnia fantasies for children. Most deal implicitly with Christian themes such as sin, humanity's fall from grace, and redemption. [86] [87] Kelly, Clint (Winter 2006). "Dear Mr. Lewis: The Narnia Author and His Young Readers". Response. Vol.29, no.1. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2006. Germain, Mark St (2010). Freud's Last Session. Dramatists Play Service, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8222-2493-8. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 . Retrieved 5 September 2020. At home in Narnia". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 3 December 2005. p.2. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2009. Many books have been inspired by Lewis, including A Severe Mercy by his correspondent and friend Sheldon Vanauken. The Chronicles of Narnia has been particularly influential. Modern children's literature has been more or less influenced by Lewis's series, such as Daniel Handler's A Series of Unfortunate Events, Eoin Colfer's Artemis Fowl, Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials, and J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter.( Hilliard 2005) Pullman is an atheist and is known to be sharply critical of C. S. Lewis's work, [136] accusing Lewis of featuring religious propaganda, misogyny, racism, and emotional sadism in his books. [137] However, he has also modestly praised The Chronicles of Narnia for being a "more serious" work of literature in comparison with Tolkien's "trivial" The Lord of the Rings. [138] Authors of adult fantasy literature such as Tim Powers have also testified to being influenced by Lewis's work. [139]

Owen, James (2006). Here There Be Dragons. Simon and Schuster. p.322. ISBN 9781416951377. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021 . Retrieved 27 May 2019. Temporary variables are created as the result of expression evaluation and are destroyed when the statement containing the expression has been fully evaluated (usually at the ; at the end of a statement). ISO/IEC TR 19768:2007 [45] (also known as the C++ Technical Report 1) on library extensions mostly integrated into C++11, Knight, Jane (12 September 2009). "The great British weekend The Mourne Mountains". The Times. London . Retrieved 28 April 2010.

COMPETITORS (C)

Coren, Michael (1994), The Man Who Created Narnia: The Story of C. S. Lewis. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, reprint edition 1996 (First published 1994 in Canada by Lester Publishing Limited). ISBN 0-8028-3822-7 Duriez, Colin (2003), Tolkien and C. S. Lewis: The Gift of Friendship. Paulist Press ISBN 1-58768-026-2 As in C, C++ supports four types of memory management: static storage duration objects, thread storage duration objects, automatic storage duration objects, and dynamic storage duration objects. [65] Static storage duration objects [ edit ] Downing, David C. (2005), Into the Region of Awe: Mysticism in C. S. Lewis. InterVarsity. ISBN 0-8308-3284-X Before Lewis's conversion to Christianity, he published two books: Spirits in Bondage, a collection of poems, and Dymer, a single narrative poem. Both were published under the pen name Clive Hamilton. Other narrative poems have since been published posthumously, including Launcelot, The Nameless Isle, and The Queen of Drum. [99]