In his influential 1996 essay "Cultural Identity and Diaspora", Hall presents two different definitions of cultural identity.

Drabwell, Christine (3 January 2020). "Sixty years ago: Stuart Hall arrives to renew the Left". The Open University | Society and Politics . Retrieved 9 April 2023. After working on the Universities and Left Review during his time at Oxford, Hall joined E.P. Thompson, Raymond Williams and others to merge it with The New Reasoner, launching the New Left Review in 1960 with Hall as the founding editor. [18] In 1958, the same group, with Raphael Samuel, launched the Partisan Coffee House in Soho as a meeting place for left-wingers. [26] Hall left the board of the New Left Review in 1961 [27] or 1962. [28] Hall, Stuart (1973). Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse. Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies.a b Hall, Catherine (13 July 2023). "Diary: Return To Jamaica". London Review of Books. 45 (14) . Retrieved 21 July 2023– via lrb.co.uk. Hall, Stuart (1968). The Hippies: an American "moment". Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies. OCLC 12360725. Stuart Henry McPhail Hall FBA (3 February 1932 – 10 February 2014) was a Jamaican-born British Marxist sociologist, cultural theorist, and political activist. Hall — along with Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams — was one of the founding figures of the school of thought known as British Cultural Studies or the Birmingham School of Cultural Studies. [2] Hall challenged all four components of the mass communications model. He argues that (i) meaning is not simply fixed or determined by the sender; (ii) the message is never transparent; and (iii) the audience is not a passive recipient of meaning. [43] For example, a documentary film on asylum seekers that aims to provide a sympathetic account of their plight does not guarantee that audiences will feel sympathetic. Despite being realistic and recounting facts, the documentary must still communicate through a sign system (the aural-visual signs of TV) that simultaneously distorts the producers' intentions and evokes contradictory feelings in the audience. [43] On Postmodernism and Articulation: An Interview with Stuart Hall". Journal of Communication Inquiry. 10 (2): 45–60. doi: 10.1177/019685998601000204. ISSN 1552-4612. S2CID 143711821.

Hall takes a semiotic approach and builds on the work of Roland Barthes and Umberto Eco. [42] The essay takes up and challenges longheld assumptions about how media messages are produced, circulated and consumed, proposing a new theory of communication. [43] "The 'object' of production practices and structures in television is the production of a message: that is, a sign-vehicle or rather sign-vehicles of a specific kind organized, like any other form of communication or language, through the operation of codes, within the syntagmatic chains of a discourse." [44] Hall, Stuart (2001), "Foucault: Power, knowledge and discourse", in Wetherell, Margaret; Taylor, Stephanie; Yates, Simeon J. (eds.), Discourse Theory and Practice: a reader, D843 Course: Discourse Analysis, London Thousand Oaks California: SAGE in association with the Open University, pp.72–80, ISBN 9780761971566. Hall is the subject of two films directed by John Akomfrah, entitled The Unfinished Conversation (2012) and The Stuart Hall Project (2013). The first film was shown (26 October 2013 – 23 March 2014) at Tate Britain, Millbank, London, [68] while the second is now available on DVD. [69]

Resistance through rituals

a b c Phillips, Caryl (Winter 1997). "Stuart Hall". Bomb. No.58. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2021.

Hall, Stuart (1980). "Cultural Studies: two paradigms". Media, Culture & Society. 2 (1): 57–72. doi: 10.1177/016344378000200106. S2CID 143637900. The issue of class, once again became an apparent discourse within society during the 1950’s, and there was an underlying current that there could potentially unrest from the working class. Even within the teenage market, which was characterised by affluence, Abrams, was keen to emphasise that in fact it still comprised of youth who were overwhelmingly working class. Working class youth were creating subcultures, which to the wider society, seen as a social problem. These subcultures arose to deal with the problem of ‘anomie’, which in more basic terms was the “disjunction between middle class goal of success and the restricted means of achieving them” (1975, 28). The sheer feeling of status frustration and failure from feeling rejected by middle class institutions and therefore, not being able to achieve their goals. IMDb summarises the film as "a roller coaster ride through the upheavals, struggles and turning points that made the 20th century the century of campaigning, and of global political and cultural change." [72] Hall, Stuart (1971). Deviancy, Politics and the Media. Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies.

Hall, Stuart (June 1986). "Gramsci's relevance for the study of race and ethnicity". Journal of Communication Inquiry. 10 (2): 5–27. doi: 10.1177/019685998601000202. S2CID 53782. Lavezzo, Kathy (1 December 2021). "Whiteness, medievalism, immigration: rethinking Tolkien through Stuart Hall". Postmedieval. 12 (1): 31. doi: 10.1057/s41280-021-00207-x. S2CID 256508966. Loudis, Jessica (27 September 2017). "Why We Need Stuart Hall's Imaginative Left". The New Republic. New York . Retrieved 10 October 2021. In the 1950s Hall was a founder of the influential New Left Review. At Hoggart's invitation, he joined the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) at Birmingham University in 1964. Hall took over from Hoggart as acting director of the CCCS in 1968, became its director in 1972, and remained there until 1979. [3] While at the centre, Hall is credited with playing a role in expanding the scope of cultural studies to deal with race and gender, and with helping to incorporate new ideas derived from the work of French theorists such as Michel Foucault. [4]

Dunn, Hopeton S. (2014). "A Tribute to Stuart Hall". Critical Arts. 28 (4): 757–758. doi: 10.1080/02560046.2014.929228. ISSN 1992-6049. S2CID 144415843. Cohen saw subcultures as an ideological dimension, resultantly giving rise to a number of youth subcultures. He went further, describing the role of subcultures as, “to express and resolve”…”the contradictions which remain hidden or unresolved in the parent culture”… “retrieve some of the socially cohesive elements destroyed in the parent culture” (1975, 32). Many forms of resistance, created by the parent culture in their encounters with dominant institutions within society, were adopted in part by the working class subcultures. However, a number of critiques can be detected of this complex and highly sophisticated analysis. Such as how is the influence of the parent culture adopted by youth cultures, secondly, how do we approach the concept of youth subcultures? My own approach, is that subcultures is a fluid and highly fragmented approach when looking at it in practise, as different subcultures show the different paths of resistance taken by working class youth. Jhally, Sut (30 August 2012). "Stuart Hall Interviewed By Sut Jhally". Vimeo.com . Retrieved 17 February 2014. Hsu, Hua (17 July 2017). "Stuart Hall and the Rise of Cultural Studies". The New Yorker . Retrieved 10 October 2021.

Help

Hall, Stuart (2017). Selected Political Writings: The Great Moving Right Show and other essays. London: Lawrence & Wishart. ISBN 9781910448656. a b c Williamson, Marcus (11 February 2011). "Professor Stuart Hall: Sociologist and pioneer in the field of cultural studies whose work explored the concept of Britishness". The Independent. London . Retrieved 20 January 2022. The film can be viewed as a more pointedly focused take on the Windrush generation, those who migrated from the Caribbean to Britain in the years immediately following the World War II. Hall, himself a member of this generation, focused on the racial discrimination faced by the Windrush generation, contrasting the idealized perceptions among West Indian immigrants of Britain versus the harsher reality they encountered when arriving in the "mother country". [71] Hall, Stuart (1973). "Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse" (PDF). Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies . Retrieved 10 October 2021.