Nicotine has been used as an insecticide since at least the 1960s, in the form of tobacco extracts [17] [48] [49] (although other components of tobacco also seem to have pesticide effects). [50] Nicotine pesticides have not been commercially available in the US since 2014, [51] and homemade pesticides are banned on organic crops [52] and caution is recommended for small gardeners. [53] Nicotine pesticides have been banned in the EU since 2009. [54] Foods are imported from countries in which nicotine pesticides are allowed, such as China, but foods may not exceed maximum nicotine levels. [54] [55] Neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid, which are derived from and structurally similar to nicotine, are widely used as agricultural and veterinary pesticides as of 2016. [56] [48] Performance [ edit ] a b c d e National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking Health (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General, Chapter 5 - Nicotine. Surgeon General of the United States. pp.107–138. PMID 24455788.

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a b c d e f g Parrott AC (April 2003). "Cigarette-derived nicotine is not a medicine". The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 4 (2): 49–55. doi: 10.3109/15622970309167951. PMID 12692774. S2CID 26903942. Furer V, Hersch M, Silvetzki N, Breuer GS, Zevin S (March 2011). "Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco) intoxication--two cases in one family". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 7 (1): 47–51. doi: 10.1007/s13181-010-0102-x. PMC 3614112. PMID 20652661. a b c Bailey SR, Crew EE, Riske EC, Ammerman S, Robinson TN, Killen JD (April 2012). "Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapies to aid smoking cessation in adolescents". Paediatric Drugs. 14 (2): 91–108. doi: 10.2165/11594370-000000000-00000. PMC 3319092. PMID 22248234. Kothari AN, Mi Z, Zapf M, Kuo PC (2014). "Novel clinical therapeutics targeting the epithelial to mesenchymal transition". Clinical and Translational Medicine. 3: 35. doi: 10.1186/s40169-014-0035-0. PMC 4198571. PMID 25343018. The Elfbar 600 is produced to the finest standards, offering a reassuring leakproof device and flavour experience throughout its complete use.Parrott AC (March 2006). "Nicotine psychobiology: how chronic-dose prospective studies can illuminate some of the theoretical issues from acute-dose research" (PDF). Psychopharmacology. 184 (3–4): 567–76. doi: 10.1007/s00213-005-0294-y. PMID 16463194. S2CID 11356233.

Nicotine | Drugs | BNF | NICE Nicotine | Drugs | BNF | NICE

Henningfield JE, Calvento E, Pogun S (2009). Nicotine Psychopharmacology. Springer. pp.35, 37. ISBN 978-3-540-69248-5. Possible alteration of nicotine absorption through the skin from the transdermal nicotine patch by drugs that cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction. [75]Jain R, Mukherjee K, Balhara YP (April 2008). "The role of NMDA receptor antagonists in nicotine tolerance, sensitization, and physical dependence: a preclinical review". Yonsei Medical Journal. 49 (2): 175–88. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2008.49.2.175. PMC 2615322. PMID 18452252. The US FDA is tasked with reviewing tobacco products such as e-cigarettes and determining which can be authorized for sale. In response to the likelihood that FDA would not authorize many e-cigarettes to be marketed, e-cigarette companies began marketing products that they claimed to contain nicotine that were not made or derived from tobacco, but contained synthetic nicotine instead, and thus, would be outside FDA's tobacco regulatory authority. [190] Similarly, nicotine pouches that claimed to contain non-tobacco (synthetic) nicotine were also introduced. The cost of synthetic nicotine has decreased as the market for the product increased. In March 2022, the U.S. Congress passed a law (the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022) that expanded FDA's tobacco regulatory authority to include tobacco products containing nicotine from any source, thereby including products made with synthetic nicotine.

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Nausea, dyspepsia, flatulence, headache, upper respiratory tract infections, irritation (i.e., a burning sensation), hiccups, sore throat, coughing, dry lips, and oral mucosal ulceration. Elfbar are dedicated to offering healthier, less addicting vape options to smokers. Depending on your stage of quitting, you can select from Elfbar 600 vape kit, which are available in three nicotine strengths. a b Benowitz NL, Burbank AD (August 2016). "Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for electronic cigarette use". Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 26 (6): 515–23. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.03.001. PMC 4958544. PMID 27079891. Leading vape brand Elf Bar have designed this disposable pen to deliver a discreet amount of vapour, and a mouth to lung style inhale to not only satisfy the needs of those looking to quit smoking but also those who want to vape without nicotine.a b c Ujváry I (1999). "Nicotine and Other Insecticidal Alkaloids". In Yamamoto I, Casida J (eds.). Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag. pp.29–69. US Code of Federal Regulations. 7 CFR 205.602 – Nonsynthetic substances prohibited for use in organic crop production a b Tomizawa M, Casida JE (2005). "Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: mechanisms of selective action" (PDF). Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 45: 247–68. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930. PMID 15822177. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2018 . Retrieved 29 October 2018. Nicotine has been shown to produce birth defects in some animal species, but not others; [41] consequently, it is considered to be a possible teratogen in humans. [41] In animal studies that resulted in birth defects, researchers found that nicotine negatively affects fetal brain development and pregnancy outcomes; [41] [39] the negative effects on early brain development are associated with abnormalities in brain metabolism and neurotransmitter system function. [116] Nicotine crosses the placenta and is found in the breast milk of mothers who smoke as well as mothers who inhale passive smoke. [117] Kishioka S, Kiguchi N, Kobayashi Y, Saika F (2014). "Nicotine effects and the endogenous opioid system". Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 125 (2): 117–24. doi: 10.1254/jphs.14R03CP. PMID 24882143.

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Sajja RK, Rahman S, Cucullo L (March 2016). "Drugs of abuse and blood-brain barrier endothelial dysfunction: A focus on the role of oxidative stress". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 36 (3): 539–54. doi: 10.1177/0271678X15616978. PMC 4794105. PMID 26661236. a b c d Landoni JH. "Nicotine (PIM)". INCHEM. International Programme on Chemical Safety . Retrieved 29 January 2019. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (2018). "Chapter 4: Nicotine". In Eaton DL, Kwan LY, Stratton K (eds.). Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. National Academies Press. ISBN 9780309468343. a b Sanner T, Grimsrud TK (2015). "Nicotine: Carcinogenicity and Effects on Response to Cancer Treatment - A Review". Frontiers in Oncology. 5: 196. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00196. PMC 4553893. PMID 26380225. Heishman SJ, Kleykamp BA, Singleton EG (July 2010). "Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance". Psychopharmacology. 210 (4): 453–69. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1. PMC 3151730. PMID 20414766.a b Smith TT, Rupprecht LE, Cwalina SN, Onimus MJ, Murphy SE, Donny EC, Sved AF (August 2016). "Effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition on the Reinforcing Properties of Low-Dose Nicotine". Neuropsychopharmacology. 41 (9): 2335–2343. doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.36. PMC 4946064. PMID 26955970. The primary therapeutic use of nicotine is treating nicotine dependence to eliminate smoking and the damage it does to health. Controlled levels of nicotine are given to patients through gums, dermal patches, lozenges, inhalers, or nasal sprays to wean them off their dependence. A 2018 Cochrane Collaboration review found high-quality evidence that all current forms of nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch, lozenges, inhaler, and nasal spray) therapies increase the chances of successfully quitting smoking by 50–60%, regardless of setting. [45] Perkins KA, Karelitz JL (August 2013). "Reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine via smoking". Psychopharmacology. 228 (3): 479–86. doi: 10.1007/s00213-013-3054-4. PMC 3707934. PMID 23494236.