Petkov, Christopher I; Kayser, Christoph; Steudel, Thomas; Whittingstall, Kevin; Augath, Mark; Logothetis, Nikos K (10 February 2008). "A voice region in the monkey brain". Nature Neuroscience. 11 (3): 367–374. doi: 10.1038/nn2043. ISSN 1097-6256. PMID 18264095. S2CID 5505773. Lachaux, Jean-Philippe; Jerbi, Karim; Bertrand, Olivier; Minotti, Lorella; Hoffmann, Dominique; Schoendorff, Benjamin; Kahane, Philippe (31 October 2007). "A Blueprint for Real-Time Functional Mapping via Human Intracranial Recordings". PLOS ONE. 2 (10): e1094. Bibcode: 2007PLoSO...2.1094L. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001094. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2040217. PMID 17971857.

History and Diversity of Language The best books on The History and Diversity of Language

a b Knight, Chris (2010). Ulrich J Frey; Charlotte Störmer; Kai P Willführ (eds.). The origins of symbolic culture (PDF). pp.193–211. ISBN 978-3-642-12141-8. OCLC 639461749. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) a b Rappaport, Roy (1999). Ritual and religion in the making of humanity. Cambridge, U.K. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521296908. OCLC 848728046. The discovery in 1989 of the (Neanderthal) Kebara 2 hyoid bone suggests that Neanderthals may have been anatomically capable of producing sounds similar to modern humans. [182] [183] The hypoglossal nerve, which passes through the hypoglossal canal, controls the movements of the tongue, which may have enabled voicing for size exaggeration (see size exaggeration hypothesis below) or may reflect speech abilities. [25] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188]Hejl, P. M. (2013). "The importance of the concepts of 'organism' and 'evolution' in Emile Durkheim's division of social labor and the influence of Herbert Spencer". In Maasen, Sabine; Mendelsohn, E.; Weingart, P. (eds.). Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors. Springer. pp.155–191. ISBN 9789401106733. Aronoff, Mark (2017). "Darwinism tested by the science of language". In Bowern; Horn; Zanuttini (eds.). On Looking into Words (and Beyond): Structures, Relations, Analyses. SUNY Press. pp.443–456. ISBN 978-3-946234-92-0 . Retrieved 3 March 2020.

Evolution of languages - Wikipedia

A majority of linguistic scholars as of 2023 [update] favour continuity-based theories, but they vary in how they hypothesize language development. Among those who consider language as mostly innate, some avoid speculating about specific precursors in nonhuman primates, stressing simply that the language faculty must have evolved in the usual gradual way. [8] Others in this intellectual camp—notably Ib Ulbæk [7]—hold that language evolved not from primate communication but from primate cognition, which is significantly more complex. In one particular study, rats and pigeons were required to press a button a certain number of times to get food. The animals showed very accurate distinction for numbers less than four, but as the numbers increased, the error rate increased. [150] In another, the primatologist Tetsuro Matsuzawa attempted to teach chimpanzees Arabic numerals. [158] The difference between primates and humans in this regard was very large, as it took the chimps thousands of trials to learn 1–9, with each number requiring a similar amount of training time; yet, after learning the meaning of 1, 2 and 3 (and sometimes 4), children (after the age of 5.5 to 6) easily comprehend the value of greater integers by using a successor function (i.e. 2 is 1 greater than 1, 3 is 1 greater than 2, 4 is 1 greater than 3; once 4 is reached it seems most children suddenly understand that the value of any integer n is 1 greater than the previous integer). [159] Put simply, other primates learn the meaning of numbers one by one, similar to their approach to other referential symbols, while children first learn an arbitrary list of symbols (1, 2, 3, 4...) and then later learn their precise meanings. [160] These results can be seen as evidence for the application of the "open-ended generative property" of language in human numeral cognition. [150] Linguistic structures [ edit ] Lexical-phonological principle [ edit ]Primate gesture is at least partially genetic: different nonhuman apes will perform gestures characteristic of their species, even if they have never seen another ape perform that gesture. For example, gorillas beat their breasts. This shows that gestures are an intrinsic and important part of primate communication, which supports the idea that language evolved from gesture. [89] Weiss, B. (1987). " 'Ilm al-wad': An Introductory Account of a Later Muslim Philological Science". Arabica. 34 (1): 339–356. doi: 10.1163/157005887X00054. S2CID 161187751. de Saussure, Ferdinand (1959) [First published 1916]. Course in general linguistics (PDF). New York: Philosophy Library. ISBN 9780231157278. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019 . Retrieved 6 May 2020. a b Falk, D. (August 2004). "Prelinguistic evolution in early hominins: whence motherese?" (PDF). Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 27 (4): 491–503, discussion 503–83. doi: 10.1017/s0140525x04000111. PMID 15773427. S2CID 39547572. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014.