Khorasan and co-workers formulated chitosan/polyvinyl (alcohol)/zinc oxide hydrogels using the freeze–thaw method. The hydrogels were porous, with a mean pore size of 13.7 ± 5.9 μm. Their water absorption ranged between 680% and 850%. The mechanical properties of chitosan hydrogels showed decreased elastic modulus and tensile strength with increased elongation at the breakpoint. Their antibacterial efficacy result displayed the highest inhibition zone in S. aureus when compared to E. coli strain. The in vitro wound healing experiments of the prepared hydrogels displayed no toxicity and accelerated wound healing phase was significant [ 61]. Masood et al. designed chitosan-polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel entrapped with silver nanoparticles for diabetic wound management. Their average particle size was 99.1 ± 2.3 nm. The hydrogel showed significant high porosity of 72.2%, which contributed to the accelerated wound healing, indicating a good oxygen penetration and absorption of exudates. The high swelling capacity of the plain hydrogels was significant when compared to nanoparticle-loaded hydrogels [ 62]. Cleanse your face with the Anti-Blemish & Scar Repair Cleanser to remove impurities on the surface and deep within your pores. Taking colloidal silver orally can cause plenty of negative effects, including what’s known as argyria. This permanent condition, a result of silver building up in the body, leaves your skin, eyes, nails, gums, and internal organs a bluish-gray. Acute wound: an acute wound is an injury to the skin that takes place immediately rather than over time. Acute wounds in a normal healthy person will heal fast at the rate of the normal wound healing process because of a balance of growth factors, cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) [ 29]. Basically, acute wounds can occur on any part of the body, which can range from superficial bruises to deep wounds causing damage to blood vessels, nerves, and muscles. Acute wounds may last up to 2 to 3 months followed by infection, pain, and necrosis [ 30]. Some examples of acute wound include (i) surgical wounds: Surgical wounds are incisions made intentionally by a medical professional and are cut precisely, creating clean edges around the wound. Surgical wounds may be closed (with stitches, staples or adhesive) or left open to heal by primary intention, (ii) traumatic wounds: These are unplanned injuries that can range from minor injuries such as a skinned knee, to severe injuries such as a gunshot wound. Examples of traumatic wounds consist of abrasions, skin tears, bites, and penetrating trauma wounds, (iii) burns: A burn is a type of injury to skin or other tissues caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemical, friction or radiation.

Apart from antimicrobial and antifungal properties, chitosan is innate, biocompatible, and non-toxic to living cells and tissue. Chitosan biocompatibility has been tested in vitro using different types of cells like fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and hepatocytes, as well as myocardial and endothelial cells [ 127]. electrostatic interactions occur between cationic chitosan and anionic molecules at the microbial cell surface, which may lead to cell wall disruption and intracellular components leakage; There are also several hydrogels that are designed from cellulose and its derivatives for wound application ( Table 1). Joorabloo formulated carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogels loaded with heparinized zinc oxide nanoparticle via a freeze–thaw method for application in wound dressing [ 125]. The average particle size of the loaded ZnO nanoparticles ranged between 16 and 36 nm. SEM images showed increased pore sizes after the addition of the nanoparticle with decreased pore density. The in vitro drug release profile at physiological conditions was an initial burst release of the heparinized nanoparticles from hydrogels followed by a sustained drug release. The mechanical properties of hydrogels increased with an increase in the amount of nanoparticles loaded into the hydrogel. The mechanical strength and Young’s modulus increased while the elongation at breakpoint decreased [ 125]. Cell viability study of hydrogels loaded with nanoparticles demonstrated non-toxicity on HDF and L-929 cells after 2 days. The wound healing assessment studies revealed good wound healing capability on the created artificial wound after 24 h. The antibacterial activity of the hydrogels using disc diffusion method showed significant bactericidal efficacy of over 70% for ZnO-loaded hydrogels against S. aureus and E. coli [ 125]. b) The raw material can be available throughout the entire year, and there are no risks of heavy metal contamination; George R, et al. (2014). In vivo analysis of dermal and systemic absorption of silver nanoparticles through healthy human skin.

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Xu et al. designed in situ alginate-chitosan hydrogel for corneal wound healing via periodate-mediated sodium alginate oxidization. In vivo studies on alkali burn wounds in vivo showed improved epithelial reconstruction. Limbal stem cells were transplanted into the in situ hydrogel. The hydrogels provided favorable microenvironment for the cell differentiation and proliferation of the transplanted cells. The restoration of the integrity of the corneal after alkali burn was rapid. The in situ hydrogel displayed good biocompatibility, transparency, and biodegradability suitable for tissue regeneration [ 122]. Colloidal silver is an ingredient in some acne treatments and cosmetics. It’s also sometimes used in an eye drop formula to prevent conjunctivitis in newborns.

In addition anti-bacterial agents will also reduce the effectiveness of the actual ingredient in Sebopure that works to purify the sebum.Proliferation: the cell proliferation phase involves re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and granulation tissue formation, which is the second temporary matrix containing fibroblasts and macrophages [ 20, 26]. During this stage, the fibroblasts produce collagen and the myofibroblasts will promote the process of wound edges contraction [ 23]. This phase can be divided into three sub-phases, including: (1) filling the wound with new connective tissues and blood vessels, (2) contracting the edges of the wound: tightening the wound, (3) covering the wound: epithelial cells that form a protective barrier between the inside and outside of the body migrate into the wound to close the wound completely. Song et al. designed a chitosan complex hydrogel for wound management. The rheological analysis revealed that chitosan-based hydrogels displayed a great anti-shear ability and broad linear viscoelastic region. The hydrogels exhibited moderate bactericidal efficacy against S. aureus and E. coli. The in vivo wound healing examination of chitosan-based hydrogels showed that the hydrogels significantly reduce wound size by 44% and 82.34% after 5th and 10th day, respectively [ 121]. Here are some tips and advice on when and how to use the Clarol products and how to get the most out of them

Most of the patched skins did not show any symptoms of edema, vesicle and bullae. It was non-irritant and safe for the further evaluation.Maximum swelling capacity, good antibacterial efficacy against Gram-negative E. coli strains with sustained and controlled drug release profile