The SSHS was originally created using both wind speed and storm surge, but since the relationship between wind speed and storm surge is not necessarily definite, the scale was changed to the "Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale" (SSHWS), based entirely on wind speed. [3] [4] The country has been hit by heavy rain and flooding over the past two months, including that brought by Typhoon Doksuri at the end of July. JBA Risk Management has nationwide return period flood maps and a flood model for Japan at 30m resolution. We have also produced an updated flood footprint for the typhoon, estimating extents and depths from river flooding. A hurricane is a cyclone that is located in the North Atlantic Ocean, or the NE Pacific Ocean east of the International Date Line, or the South Pacific Ocean east of 160E, and with sustained winds that reach or exceed 74 mph.

NASA PPM. 2019. NASA Precipitation Measurement Missions. [online] Available at: https://pmm.nasa.gov/data-access/pps-ftp#jsimpson-NRTPUB/imerg/gis/early [Accessed 24 Oct. 2019]. February 1, 2008). "特輯". www.cwb.gov.tw. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015 . Retrieved July 31, 2012. a b c d Wu, Liguang (2020). "台风一词的历史沿革"[Historical evolution of the word 'Typhoon']. 气象学报 (Acta Meteorologica Sinica). 78 (6): 1065–1075. doi: 10.11676/qxxb2020.072. ISSN 0577-6619. Le Goff, Guy (ed.). Cyclone Season 1992–1993 (PDF). Météo-France. pp.105–106 . Retrieved November 7, 2015. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) a b c d e f g h i j k l m RA IV Hurricane Committee. Regional Association IV Hurricane Operational Plan 2017 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved June 29, 2017.A system is designated as a tropical depression or a subtropical depression when it reaches wind speeds above 28 knots (52km/h; 32mph). If a tropical depression reaches wind speeds of 35 knots (65km/h; 40mph) then it will be classified as a moderate tropical storm and assigned a name by either the Sub Regional Center in Mauritius or Madagascar. No matter how strong a subtropical system is in this basin, it is always designated as a subtropical depression. [23] Japan Meteorological Agency (2001-05-25). "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center: 2000" (PDF). pp.iii, 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-12-12 . Retrieved 2011-03-11. Similar statistical analysis of NASA radar precipitation data to calculate a rainfall return period for Nagano prefecture and Koriyama city shows that both have an estimated return period of 50 years. The greater Tokyo region has an estimated return period of approximately 1,500 years or greater (Table 1). Saola’s winds are also affecting Fujian province, where videos on social media showed waves crashing along the coastline. The meteorological administration of Shishi city issued a typhoon blue warning.

Sonpo. (2019). [online] Available at: http://www.sonpo.or.jp/news/statistics/disaster/ [Accessed 24 Oct. 2019]. a b c d e f g WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones (June 8, 2015). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea 2015 (PDF) (Report No. TCP-21). World Meteorological Organization. pp.11–12 . Retrieved March 29, 2015. Erik Slavin (2005-05-30). "Preparation critical for Japan's coming typhoon season". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 2011-06-28 . Retrieved 2011-03-06.

Development of Hurricanes and Typhoons

Due to Typhoon Hagibis, 85 fatalities and 9 missing people were reported at the time of writing (NHK, 2019). a b Chen, Shou, ed. (280). "陸凱傳". 三國志·吳書[ Records of the Three Kingdoms - Book of Wu]. 蒼梧、南海，歲有舊風瘴氣之害，風則折木，飛沙轉石 ; 徐兢 (1124). 宣和奉使高麗圖經[ The trip of the Imperial envoy to Korea, with illustrations]. 海道之難甚矣...又惡三種險：曰癡風，曰黑風，曰海動。癡風之作，連日怒號不止，四方莫辨 ; 荔鏡記[ Tale of the Lychee Mirror]. 1566. 風台過了，今即會[ sic, 回]南 . As cited in 李荣 (1990). "台风的本字(上)". 方言 (4). ; 李荣 (1991). "台风的本字(中)". 方言 (1). ; 李荣 (1991). "台风的本字(下)". 方言 (2). The highest reliably-estimated maximum sustained winds on record for a typhoon was that of Typhoon Haiyan at 314km/h (195mph) shortly before its landfall in the central Philippines on November 8, 2013. [49] The most intense storm based on minimum pressure was Typhoon Tip in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in 1979, which reached a minimum pressure of 870 hectopascals (26inHg) and maximum sustained wind speeds of 165knots (85m/s, 190mph, 310km/h). [50] The deadliest typhoon of the 20th century was Typhoon Nina, which killed nearly 100,000 in China in 1975 due to a flood that caused 12 reservoirs to fail. [51] After Typhoon Morakot landed in Taiwan at midnight on August 8, 2009, almost the entire southern region of Taiwan ( Chiayi County/ Chiayi City, Tainan County/ Tainan City (now merged as Tainan), Kaohsiung County/ Kaohsiung City (now merged as Kaohsiung), and Pingtung County) and parts of Taitung County and Nantou County were flooded by record-breaking heavy rain. The rainfall in Pingtung County reached 2,327 millimeters (91.6in), [52] breaking all rainfall records of any single place in Taiwan induced by a single typhoon, [53] and making the cyclone the wettest known typhoon.

National Institute of Informatics. (2019). Digital Typhoon: Typhoon Images and Information - National Institute of Informatics. [online] Available at: http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/index.html.en [Accessed 24 Oct. 2019]. a b c "typhoon | Origin and meaning of typhoon by Online Etymology Dictionary". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2014-01-25 . Retrieved 2008-10-26. According to the statistics of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, from 1950 to 2022, the Northwest Pacific generated an average of 26.5 named tropical cyclones each year, of which an average of 16.6 reached typhoon standard or above as defined by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. [7] Nomenclature [ edit ] Etymology [ edit ]a b "Tableau de définition des cyclones" (in French). Météo-France. 2008. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009 . Retrieved January 14, 2009.

Hurricane". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-04-05 . Retrieved 2015-04-05. Atlantic, Eastern and Central Pacific [ edit ] Saffir–Simpson scale, 1-minute maximum sustained winds Category Examples: Hurricanes Roxanne (pdf)of 1995 and Fran (pdf)of 1996 were Category Three hurricanes at landfall on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and in North Carolina, respectively. Tropical cyclones that develop in the Northern Hemisphere are unofficially classified by the warning centres on one of three intensity scales. Tropical cyclones or subtropical cyclones that exist within the North Atlantic Ocean or the North-eastern Pacific Ocean are classified as either tropical depressions or tropical storms. Should a system intensify further and become a hurricane, then it will be classified on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, and is based on the estimated maximum sustained winds over a 1-minute period. In the Western Pacific, the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee uses four separate classifications for tropical cyclones that exist within the basin, which are based on the estimated maximum sustained winds over a 10-minute period.hour, 69-hour, 93-hour and 117-hour forecasts are the same as the 48-hour, 72-hour, 96-hour and 120-hour forecasts in the advisories issued 3 hours before. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (2011). "Products and Service Notice". United States Navy. Archived from the original on 2017-06-09 . Retrieved 2011-03-11.