The hair's physical structure and the interactions between hair components endow the hair with remarkable mechanical properties. Chemical over-bleaching affects both the hair's structure and its interactions, leading to a significant loss of strength and elasticity. 11,61,62 The treatment of the hair fibres with the peptides may re-establish some of the hydrogen and disulphide bonds lost during chemical treatment, improving the hair's mechanical properties. The effect of the peptides on the hair's mechanical properties was assessed through the evaluation of hair elasticity (Young's modulus) and stress at peak ( Fig. 3C). The Young's modulus results from α-keratin stretching, which is resisted by disulphide bonds and by hydrogen bonds between turns that stabilize the helical structure of the keratin. After α-keratin stretching, a transition of the keratin from α-helix to β-sheet occurs, in which the keratin chains unfold without a high level of resistance. The measurement of the stress at peak corresponds to the resistance of β-sheets to stretch until reaching the rupture point. 63–65 Straightening evaluation of curly hair tresses treated with peptides in serum formulation. The efficiency of the peptides at straightening curly hair was evaluated in an alcoholic-based formulation. The effect of the formulation was computationally reproduced in a previous study regarding strong interactions between the hair and alcoholic components. 55 The peptides (PepE, PepG and KP) were incorporated into alcoholic formulations at pH 7.5 (1.5% propylene glycol, 10% ethanol, and 0.5% benzyl alcohol). Each serum formulation was applied onto the hair tresses and left in for 15 minutes. The hair straightening process was induced using a flat iron at 200 °C. The method was repeated until each hair tress was dried and straight. Then, the hair tresses were washed with distilled water and dried at 50 °C. The straightening efficiency was calculated using the above-mentioned equation. The hair tresses were then washed and shampooed 20 times. Results and discussion Characteristics of chosen peptides The modification of hair shape was the driving force for the selection of appropriately engineered peptides based on the sequences of keratin and KAPs. These peptides were selected based on a previous study of 1235 cysteine-containing peptides of all genes of human hair keratin and KAPs. 34 This study analysed the interaction of the peptides with keratin extracted from human hair, and the peptides with the best characteristics were selected for further analysis. Due to their high cysteine content and hydrophobic properties, these peptides are expected to present higher affinities towards the hair proteins. Furthermore, decapeptides are small enough to be able to penetrate into the hair cortex, but 10 to 13 amino acids residues make these peptides big enough to provide enhancement of strength and restructuring of the hair protein linkage network. 10,16,30,32 Nicolas Pépé is a professional footballer who plays as a winger for the Premier League club Arsenal. Born in France, he represents the Ivory Coast national team. W. Huang, Z. Lin and W. F. van Gunsteren, J. Chem. Theory Comput., 2011, 7, 1237–1243 CrossRef CAS PubMed. C. F. Cruz, N. G. Azoia, T. Matamá and A. Cavaco-Paulo, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2017, 101, 805–814 CrossRef CAS PubMed.

To further analyse the peptide conformations and their predisposition for the formation of internal disulphide bonds, molecular dynamics simulations were performed for PepC, PepD, PepG and KP. The selection of these peptides was based on the desirability of including a monomeric configuration (PepC), a dimeric configuration (PepG) and two peptides with the ability to form both configurations (PepD and KP). At the end of the simulations with these peptides in water, the GROMACS tool “g_cluster” was used to determine the most frequent spatial conformation of these peptides that occurred in the analysed simulation time. The tool was applied to 100 ns of simulation for each peptide, using a 0.1 nm root mean square cutoff for the calculations. The distances between the β-carbons of the cysteine residues in the peptides were measured in the most common spatial conformation according to the “g_cluster” results. In addition, the same distance was measured along the simulation time using the “g_dist” GROMACS tool and the average distance for the last 10 ns of simulation was calculated. This could provide some insights into the possible propensity of these peptides to form intramolecular disulphide bonds.B. Bhushan, in Biophysics of Human Hair, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010, pp. 1–19 Search PubMed. Do you wanna know Nicolas Pépé’s full Biodata? Take a look at the following table for more information. Full Name J. Knowlton and S. Pearce, Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Elsevier Advanced Technology, 3rd edn, 1993 Search PubMed. For the entirety of the 2017-18 Ligue 1 season, he was a regular in a Lille side that narrowly avoided relegation, missing just two games and scoring 13 times, including twice in away wins at Metz and Toulouse.

J. M. Dyer, F. Bell, H. Koehn, J. A. Vernon, C. D. Cornellison, S. Clerens and D. P. Harland, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 2013, 35, 555–561 CrossRef CAS PubMed.

Jaap Stam

M. V. R. Velasco, T. C. d S. Dias, A. Z. De Freitas, N. D. V. Júnior, C. Aparecida Sales de Oliveira Pinto, T. M. Kaneko and A. R. Baby, Braz. J. Pharm. Sci., 2009, 45, 153–162 CrossRef. Fig. 2 (A) Peptide nomenclature and characteristics: name, number of amino acids (N.a.a), molecular weight (MW), isoelectric point (pI), percentage of cysteines (Cys), percentage of hydrophobic (Hydr.) and polar amino acids in the peptide sequence, and peptide chemical structures; (B) relative ratio of species determined by MALDI-TOF/TOF; (C) distance between β-carbons of the cysteines of the peptides PepC, PepD, PepG and KP in the last 50 ns of simulation. The Science of Hair Car, ed. C. Bouillon and J. Wilkinson, Taylor & Francis, 2nd edn, 2005 Search PubMed. The highest bidder acceptable to the Auctioneer shall be the Buyer, but if, during or immediately after the sale of the lot, the Auctioneer considers that a dispute has arisen or that there is any other reason for so doing, he may at his discretion immediately put up the lot for sale again.

Pepe began his professional club career in Portugal with Maritimo in 2001. After impressing in his early years with the club, he was signed by Porto in 2004, where he won two Primeira Liga titles, a Portuguese Cup, and a UEFA Champions League title in 2004. Do you want to know whether Nicolas Pépé is married or unmarried In this section, we will talk about Nicolas Pépé’s personal life and life story. As you are curious to know about his girlfriend. We added the information below. Marital StatusA. L. Miranda-Vilela, A. J. Botelho and L. A. Muehlmann, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 2014, 36, 2–11 CrossRef CAS PubMed. Nicolás’s father, Celestine Pepe, was a professional soccer player who never succeeded. Through his son Nicolás, Papa Celestin decided to fulfill his dreams. A. Teglia and G. Secchi, in Principles of polymer science and technology in cosmetic and personal care, 1999, pp. 404–477 Search PubMed. C. R. Robbins, Chemical and physical behavior of human hair, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 4th edn, 2002 Search PubMed.

W. R. P. Scott, P. H. Hünenberger, I. G. Tironi, A. E. Mark, S. R. Billeter, J. Fennen, A. E. Torda, T. Huber, P. Krüger and W. F. van Gunsteren, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 3596–3607 CrossRef CAS. G. Loussouarn, A.-L. Garcel, I. Lozano, C. Collaudin, C. Porter, S. Panhard, D. Saint-Léger and R. de La Mettrie, Int. J. Dermatol., 2007, 46(suppl. 1), 2–6 CrossRef PubMed. G. Roos, N. Foloppe and J. Messens, Antioxid. Redox Signaling, 2013, 18, 94–127 CrossRef CAS PubMed. Pepe comes from a large family. He was born to parents Maria Ivone and Adilson. He has eight siblings, including his younger brother and fellow professional footballer, Micael.M. M. Fernandes, A. C. Gomes, A. Vasconcelos, F.-D. Munteanu, T. Tzanov, M. S. T. Gonçalves, N. End, K.-U. Schoening, G. M. Guebitz and A. Cavaco-Paulo, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2011, 90, 1311–1321 CrossRef CAS PubMed. Nicolas Pepe was born on May 29, 1995 in the commune of Mantes-la-Jolie located in north-central France, his parents were Ivorian immigrants who emigrated from their hometown to France in the mid-1990s in search of a better life. His father, Celestin, was a prison guard, while his mother was a housekeeper. Nicolas Pépé Current Teams Celestin worked and found time to go to his son’s training sessions. To be closer to his son, he went on to obtain a license as a soccer educator. Do you want to know what is the educational qualifications of Nicolas Pépé? In this table, we added the education information. As we do not have all data currently, we keep some fields blank which we will update soon. School Pepe made his international debut for Portugal in 2007 and has since been a regular member of the squad, playing in major tournaments like the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship. He was an instrumental part of the Portugal team that won the UEFA Euro 2016, where he played a key role in their defensive unit.