Fletcher, J. E. & Jiang, M.-S. Possible mechanisms of action of cobra snake venom cardiotoxins and bee venom melittin. Toxicon 31, 669–695 (1993). Sarma, M. S., Whitfield, C. W. & Robinson, G. E. Species differences in brain gene expression profiles associated with adult behavioral maturation in honey bees. BMC Genomics 8, 202 (2007). DeGrandi-Hoffman, G. & Chen, Y. Nutrition, immunity and viral infections in honey bees. Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 10, 170–176 (2015).

Ward, R.; Coffey, M.; Kavanagh, K. Proteomic analysis of summer and winter Apis mellifera workers shows reduced protein abundance in winter samples. J. Insect Physiol. 2022, 139, 104397. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Dainat B, Evans JD, Chen YP, Gauthier L, Neumanna P. Dead or alive: deformed wing virus and varroa destructor reduce the life span of winter honeybees. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78(4):981–7. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.06537-11. PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM, AQUA, BEESWAX, CETYL ALCOHOL, LANOLIN,CHOLESTEROL, GLYCERYL STEARATE, SODIUM LAUROYL GLUTAMATE, TRIETHANOLAMIN, PHENOXYETHANOL, DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL, CAPRYLYL GLYCOL, ROYAL JELLY, RETINOL, RETINYL PALMITATE,HEXYL CINNAMAL,PARFUM, CITRONELLO, LIMONENE, ALPHA-ISOMETHYL IONONE, BUTYLPHENYL METHYLPROPIONAL, LINALOOL, BENZYL SALICYLATE.Elsik CG, Tayal A, Diesh CM, Unni DR, Emery ML, Nguyen HN, Hagen DE. Hymenoptera Genome Database: integrating genome annotations in HymenopteraMine. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;44(D1):D793-800. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv1208.

Calvello, M. et al. Expression of odorant-binding proteins and chemosensory proteins in some Hymenoptera. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 35, 297–307 (2005). To understand the difference between haploid and diploid, we collected and examined the gene expressions of four different reproductive organs of worker, drone and queen (Fig. 3c). Vitellogenin is a precursor protein of egg yolk that is used as a biomarker in female 46, 47, 48. In reproductive organs, we found that vitellogenin was expressed in all four reproductive organs. It was most highly expressed in QO, followed by WO, DMG, and DT (Fig. 3c). In a previous data, vitellogenin was first detected in the queen at the mid-late pupal stage, in the worker at the late pupal stage, and in the drone at the adult emergence stage 49. We classified the genes of reproductive organs into three categories of major royal jelly protein (MRJP) family, hormone-related genes, and growth factors (Fig. 3c and Supplementary Table S2), which are key regulatory factors during early development. When comparing QO with WO, DMG, and DT, transcripts were mostly expressed in QO (Fig. 3c). To validate the result of RNA-seq data, we randomly selected six genes from the brain and reproductive organs and determined their transcription levels using qRT-PCR. The expression patterns of the six genes based on qRT-PCR showed the same patterns (Fig. 3d), which validated the reliability and reproducibility of the RNA-seq data. Distribution of the immune system across organ types under natural conditions Alvarez-Suarez, J. M., Tulipani, S., Romandini, S., Bertoli, E. & Battino, M. Contribution of honey in nutrition and human health: A review. Mediterr. J. Nutr. Metab. 3, 15–23 (2010). Mod de utilizare: In vederea obtinerii celor mai bune rezultate, se recomanda aplicarea cremei pe tenul curat, masand usor pe directia ridurilor. Apidermin crema de fata poate fi utilizata atat seara, cat si dimineata, reprezentand o bariera impotriva agentilor daunatori ai mediului inconjurator. Ulei de parafină, apă, ceară de albine, lanolină, alcool cetilic, unt de cacao, colesterol, retinol A, lăptișor de matcă, parfum. Mod de aplicare:

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Retinol A sau vitamina A, un celebru aliat în lupta împotriva ridurilor datorită acțiunii sale antioxidante ajutând la reducerea ridurilor fine și micșorarea porilor Bastin, F., Cholé, H., Lafon, G. & Sandoz, J.-C. Virgin queen attraction toward males in honey bees. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–11 (2017). In molecular biology, transcription factors and elongation factors are key regulators in the transcription of genetic processes 50. Serine/threonine protein kinase plays a significant role in post-translational modification 51. The proteins that are encoded by these genes are essential for the differentiation and proliferation of germ cells as ovary development factors. In the comparison between QO and WO, QO exhibited extremely large proportions of these factors (Fig. 6c). The transcription levels of nine selected genes encoding for major factors of ovary development can be seen in Fig. 6d. Two of the major factors were up-regulated in WO but others were up-regulated in QO (Fig. 6d). To determine the fold changes in the expression levels of two selected genes of maelstrom and piwi between QO and WO, the results from qRT-PCR analysis matched well with the RNA-seq results (Fig. 6e), which validated the reliability and reproducibility of RNA-seq data. Expression patterns of venom encoding genes in organs Lee, K.S.; Kim, B.Y.; Yoon, H.J.; Choi, Y.S.; Jin, B.R. Secapin, a bee venom peptide, exhibits anti-fibrinolytic, anti-elastolytic, and anti-microbial activities. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 2016, 63, 27–35. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Cookie, care vă oferă posibilitatea de a vă oferi o publicitate mai detaliată. Putem adapta într-un mod mai bun anunțurile pe care le afișăm, pentru a nu fi inutile.

Many interesting GO terms emerged from genes with elevated expression after DWV injection, as well as from genes up-regulated in association with natural DWV infection, contrary to the complete absence of GO enrichment among genes elevated by pathogen infection in Doublet, et al. [ 26]. In an especially striking example, our experiments show that genes involved with immune function were expressed at higher levels in samples with higher DWV loads - a result at odds with the meta-analysis of Doublet, et al. [ 26], where immune genes, metabolic genes and regulatory genes were all suppressed by pathogen infection. Most notably, we find immune genes and defense response genes were highly over-represented among genes UP in R bees after virus injection, and were also UP in S bees with mites. Enhanced expression of immune defense genes elicited by higher DWV load is one explanation for our results: S bees with mites harbored higher levels of natural DWV infection than R bees with mites or R bees without mites. Equally important, R bees expressed immune defense genes at higher levels but developed lower DWV loads after DWV injection. These results offer intriguing correlations with the differential response of R and S bees to DWV injection, as well as their response to natural DWV infection in conjunction with Varroa infestation. Elevated expression of select immune genes may represent an effective anti-viral response to DWV infection, albeit one modulated by Varroa or of reduced impact when mites are present. Integrating differential gene expression results of bees with natural DWV infection but variable Varroa infestation from expression differences after DWV injection of mite-free bees Wu, J. et al. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), derived from a honeybee product propolis, exhibits a diversity of anti-tumor effects in pre-clinical models of human breast cancer. Cancer Lett. 308, 43–53 (2011). Langmead, B. & Salzberg, S. L. Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. Nat. Methods 9, 357 (2012). white-eyed pupae were removed from mite-free brood cells in brood comb. We individually screened and evaluated all pupae, and the capped brood cells containing them, for evidence of mite infestation, as in Experiments 1 and 2. Consequently, while we report no colony-level data regarding mite infestation levels or mite loads, we have reliable information regarding the Varroa parasitism status of individual bees in all three experiments reported here, a more accurate metric than imputed infestation probabilities from colony level mite loads. Bees were injected with 1 μl of PBS alone, or PBS containing ca. 10 7 DWV viral copies. DWV suspensions for injection were prepared by extracting hemolymph from adult worker honey bees from the USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory apiaries (Beltsville, MD) showing the pathology of DWV infection, deformed wings. After virus injection, pupae were allowed to develop for 48 h on folded Whatman paper in petri dishes incubating at 34 °C with controlled relative humidity. Total RNA was extracted from 15 bees either injected with PBS or DWV. Quantitative PCR was performed on aliquots of RNA from individual bees using primers for Hymenoptaecin, Eater and DWV, as in Experiment 1. RNA from bees of two colonies showing higher mean DWV levels after injection (Susceptible, S), and RNA from bees of two colonies with stable mean DWV levels after injection (Resistant, R) were pooled for RNA sequencing. Pools of RNA were generated using equimolar extracted RNA from the bees of each colony, and approximately 8 μg total RNA was used directly to generate libraries for ILLUMINA sequencing, as above. Experiment 3 samples assigned experimentally-defined phenotypes of virus resistant (R) as well as samples designated as virus sensitive (S) were from different source populations that did not share recent genetic heritage, insuring that the results of Experiment 3 are not merely the reflection of genetic differences in gene expression of R and S samples. Statistical analyses of RNA sequencesSurprisingly, there are very few genes differentially expressed when comparing S_control to S_mite, and in fact there are none UP in S_control over S_mite; so, a general down-regulation of gene expression by Varroa finds no support in our evidence. There are only 16 OGSv3.2 genes DOWN in S_control v. S_mite, yielding no GO enrichment results for that comparison. The most notable genes down-regulated in S_control v. S_mite - that is, genes with elevated expression in S when Varroa are present are: Cytochrome P450 6A1, Fibroin heavy chain, IL-1 receptor, lactate dehydrogenase, and one of five genes identified as a homolog or paralog of protein lethal (2) essential for life - GB45910 (724367), plus Hymenoptaecin, and bone morphogenetic protein 2-B. Experiment 3: differential gene expression of resistant and sensitive bees after injection with DWV or a saline control Respectarea celor 3 pași este esențială pentru un ten care strălucește din interior. Pentru cele mai bune rezultate recomandăm ca aplicarea cremei Apidermin Lux să fie făcută pe un ten curățat în prealabil cu emulsia Apidermin, apoi tonifiat cu loțiunea Apidermin. Crema se aplică prin masaj ușor al pielii în direcția ridurilor. Se poate folosi atât seară cât și dimineața, fiind o barieră împotriva agresiunii mediului înconjurător . Mod de păstrare: Lee, S.; Lee, K.S.; Ok, M.; Kim, B.Y.; Jin, B.R. Antimicrobial activity of major royal jelly protein 8 and 9 of honeybee ( Apis mellifera) venom. J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 2022, 25, 101964. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Corona, M. et al. Vitellogenin, juvenile hormone, insulin signaling, and queen honey bee longevity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104, 7128–7133 (2007).

Interestingly, the maelstrom transcript and piwi protein transcript were found in both QO and WO. Mael and Piwi proteins are required for transcriptional silencing, which is induced by the piRNA pathway. Our results showed that different expressions of mael and piwi were observed in QO and WO. The Mael protein repressed canonical RNA polymerase II transcription and inhibits germline transposon transcription 57, 58. Based on previous papers and our recent findings, we propose that mael and piwi play an important role in the development of QO and WO. Traniello IM, Bukhari SA, Kevill J, Ahmed AC, Hamilton AR, Naeger NL, et al. Meta-analysis of honey bee neurogenomic response links deformed wing virus type a to precocious behavioral maturation. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3101. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59808-4.

Compozitie Apidermin crema de fata

The amino acid sequence and tissue distribution of Apis mellifera apidermin 2 (AmAPD 2). ( A) Alignment of the amino acid sequences of bee apidermin 2 (APD 2). The predicted signal sequences are boxed [ 4, 13]. The conserved arginine-rich motifs and hydrophobic tetra peptides are shown by asterisks and solid circles, respectively [ 4]. The GenBank accession numbers of the aligned sequences are AmAPD 2 ( {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NM_001085346","term_id":"145386568"}}NM_001085346), A. cerana APD 2 ( {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"XM_017050089","term_id":"1619220850"}}XM_017050089), and B. terrestris APD 2 ( {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"XM_003394905","term_id":"2245579119"}}XM_003394905). The identity/similarity (Id/Si) values were obtained using the AmAPD 2 sequence as a reference. ( B) Expression of AmAPD 2 in the epidermis, fat body, and hypopharyngeal glands of A. mellifera worker bees, as assessed via quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) ( n = 20).