Main article: Seal hunting Men killing northern fur seals on Saint Paul Island, Alaska, in the mid-1890s Non-vocal communication is not as common in pinnipeds as in cetaceans. Nevertheless, when disturbed by intruders harbor seals and Baikal seals may slap their fore-flippers against their bodies as warnings. Teeth chattering, hisses and exhalations are also made as aggressive warnings. Visual displays also occur: Weddell seals will make an S-shaped posture when patrolling under the ice, and Ross seals will display the stripes on their chests and teeth when approached. [118] Male hooded seals use their inflatable nasal membranes to display to and attract females. [32] Intelligence [ edit ] Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M., eds. (2009). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (2nded.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9. A harp seal pup rests on the ice at sunset in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. (Brian Skerry, National Geographic) Reiter, J.; Panken, K. J.; Le Boeuf, B. J. (1981). "Female competition and reproductive success in northern elephant seals". Animal Behaviour. 29 (3): 670–687. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80002-4. S2CID 53144427.

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Evolutionarily speaking, seals are thought to be most closely related to bears and the group of animals that includes weasels and otters, as well as skunks, raccoons, and red pandas. Varied diets a b Murphy, T.C.; Eberhardt, W.C.; Calhoun, B.H.; Mann, K.A.; Mann, D.A. (2013). "Effect of Angle on Flow-Induced Vibrations of Pinniped Vibrissae". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e69872. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...869872M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069872. PMC 3724740. PMID 23922834.Hanke, F. D.; Hanke, W.; Scholtyssek, C.; Dehnhardt, G. (2009). "Basic mechanisms in pinniped vision". Experimental Brain Research. 199 (3–4): 299–311. doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-1793-6. PMID 19396435. S2CID 23704640.

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a b Miersch, L.; Hanke, W.; Wieskotten, S.; Hanke, F. D.; Oeffner, J.; Leder, A.; Brede, M.; Witte, M.; Dehnhardt, G. (2011). "Flow sensing by pinniped whiskers". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 366 (1581): 3077–84. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0155. PMC 3172597. PMID 21969689. a b c d Dubzinski, K. M.; Thomas, J. A.; Gregg, J. D. "Communication in marine mammals" in Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009, pp.260–268 Flippered and charismatic, pinnipeds (which includes seals, sea lions, and walruses) are true personalities of the sea. Like whales, manatees, and sea otters, they are marine mammals, meaning millions of years ago their ancestors evolved from a life on land to a life at sea. Today, they remain creatures of both land and sea. Though able to walk on land, they are truly at home in the water. Strong flippers and tails propel them and a streamlined body helps them cut through the water efficiently.Seals, together with sea lions and walruses, are members of a group of animals known as Pinnipedia. Members of this group are known as pinnipeds. Seal Families Pinnipeds: Seals, sea lions, and walruses". Department of Fisheries. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Sandergen, F. E. (1970). 'Breeding and Maternal Behavior of the Steller’s Sea Lion ( Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska', M. S. Thesis, University of Alaska, College.

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Ringed seals rest, breed, molt and hunt from the arctic sea ice. The species is rarely found on land. During the spring, females excavate small caves on the ice in which they give birth. Polar bears are found in the frozen wilds of the Arctic, in Canada, Alaska (US), Greenland, Russia and Norway. Griebel, U.; Peichl, L. (2003). "Colour vision in aquatic mammals—facts and open questions" (PDF). Aquatic Mammals. 29: 18–30. doi: 10.1578/016754203101024040. a b Cassini, M. H. (1999). "The evolution of reproductive systems in pinnipeds". Behavioral Ecology. 10 (5): 612–616. doi: 10.1093/beheco/10.5.612. We are pleased to welcome submissions to be considered for our upcoming special issue: The Integrative Biology of the Heart, guest edited by William Joyce and Holly Shiels. This issue will consider the biology of the heart at all levels of organisation, across animal groups and scientific fields.Berta, Annalisa; Sumich, James L.; Kovacs, Kit M. (2006). Marine Mammals. Evolutionary Biology (2nded.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-088552-7. A Grey Seal ( Halichoerus grypus) poses in the waters off Acadia National Park in Maine. (Brian Skerry, National Geographic) However, with flippers for limbs, a layer of blubber to insulate them from the cold, and many other adaptations for swimming and diving, pinnipeds are much more at home in the water than they are on land. Related Animals The polar bear is one of the main predators of seals that live in the Arctic. Bears and weasels are the pinniped’s closest relatives on land. Digital transformation Driving change through innovation and investment in new technologies PolarSeal is proud to be leading the way in the innovation of technologies with

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There are 33 species of pinnipeds alive today, most of which are known as seals. Pinnipedia is made up of three main groups: The walrus, which is the only living member of the family Odobenidae; the eared seals of Otariidae, including numerous kinds of fur seal and sea lion; and the earless seals, known as true seals or Phocidae. Despite the name, earless seals have ears—they’re just hidden beneath the surface of their skin.A highly social animal, the harp seal lives in groups of several hundred. During the breeding season the species congregates into groups numbering several thousand. The earliest ancestors of seals and sea lions were mammals that transitioned from life on land to life at sea. Around 36 million years ago, at the end of the Oligocene, the ocean began to cool, which caused major changes to ocean circulation. This led to an increase in nutrients throughout the ocean and enabled ocean life to thrive. The pinniped’s ancestors were likely drawn to the ocean due to its abundance of food and over time they evolved to life in the water.