The third and final type of problem requires verbal ability to solve. An example is the Remote Associates Test (RAT), [8] in which people must think of a word that connects three, seemingly unrelated, words. [10] RAT are often used in experiments, because they can be solved both with and without insight. [11] Specific results [ edit ] Versus non-insight problems [ edit ]

a b c Klein, G.; Jarosz, A. (17 November 2011). "A Naturalistic Study of Insight". Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making. 5 (4): 335–351. doi: 10.1177/1555343411427013. Insight is a measurable phenomenon in humans, and the mechanisms by which it occurs may well be accessible to species other than our own. Thanks to recent progress in neuroscience and human psychology, we are beginning to clarify the (in some cases subtle) differences that distinguish insight problem solving from other processes. Comparative cognition, however, has so far been limited in its approach. Performance-based setups using technical problems in both birds and mammals have produced highly interesting and suggestive, yet, ambivalent evidence on animal insight (e.g., Heinrich, 1995; Mendes et al., 2007; Bird and Emery, 2009a, b; Laumer et al., 2017, 2018; von Bayern et al., 2018). We are optimistic that accomplishments in neuroscience and human psychology over the past decade can be incorporated into and inspire future comparative cognition studies in their ongoing quest to learn about the capacity for insight in species other than our own. Author Contributions

a b Salvi, Carola; Bricolo, Emanuela; Bowden, Edward; etal. (2016). "Insight solutions are correct more often than analytic solutions". Thinking and Reasoning. 22 (4): 443–60. doi: 10.1080/13546783.2016.1141798. PMC 5035115. PMID 27667960. Webb, Margaret E.; Little, Daniel R.; Cropper, Simon J. (2016). "Insight Is Not in the Problem: Investigating Insight in Problem Solving across Task Types". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 1424. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01424. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5035735. PMID 27725805.

Insight is often conceptualized as a process in which a subject has a sudden realization of how to solve a novel problem ( Schooler et al., 1995; Sheth et al., 2009). Thereby specific elements of a subject’s mental representation of various stimuli, situations, or events are reorganized to yield a nonobvious or nondominant interpretation ( Kounios and Beeman, 2014). Insight is associated with a number of characteristic phases that set it apart from other mental processes employed in problem solving, such as a distinctive subjective momentary experience of surprise and delight, the “aha” or “eureka” moment ( Bowden et al., 2005). In 1925–1926, Wolgang Köhler and Graham Wallas independently published two books that had long lasting effects on the general perception of problem solving: The Mentality of Apes, by Köhler, and The Art of Thoughts, by Wallas. Higher intelligence (higher IQ) is associated with better performance on insight problems. However, those of lower intelligence benefit more than those of higher intelligence from being provided with cues and hints for insight problems. [8]Ghaemi, S.Nassir (2002). Polypharmacy in Psychiatry. Hoboken: Informa Healthcare. ISBN 978-0-8247-0776-7. An impasse is usually followed by an incubation/restructuring stage, which is suspected to constitute the insight’s core ( Wallas, 1926; Sandkühler and Bhattacharya, 2008; Sio and Ormerod, 2009; Cranford and Moss, 2012; Weisberg, 2013). Although restructuring can of course be done consciously ( Weisberg, 2015), it may also happen at a time during which a subject consciously withdraws from the problem at hand ( van Steenburgh et al., 2012; Kounios and Beeman, 2014; Shen et al., 2018). We know that insight-like responses improve when participants take a break after reaching an impasse (or when the task is simply removed from their sight; Kohn and Smith, 2009), regardless of the duration of the break, and particularly when the break is occupied with a different, cognitively demanding task; Segal, 2004). People are poorer at predicting their own metacognition for insight problems, than for non-insight problems. [24] People were asked to indicate how "hot" or "cold" to a solution they felt. Generally, they were able to predict this fairly well for non-insight problems, but not for insight problems. [24] This provides evidence for the suddenness involved during insight. Christian ethics– Branch of theology that defines virtuous and sinful behavior from a Christian perspective The authors are funded by the WWTF Project CS18-023 and START project Y 01309 by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) to AA. Conflict of Interest

Groups typically perform better on insight problems (in the form of rebus puzzles with either helpful or unhelpful clues) than individuals. [21] Example of a rebus puzzle. Answer: man overboard.an understanding of cause and effect based on the identification of relationships and behaviors within a model, system, context, or scenario (see artificial intelligence) Pijnenborg, G.H.M.; Spikman, J.M.; Jeronimus, B.F.; Aleman, A. (2012). "Insight in schizophrenia: associations with empathy". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 263 (4): 299–307. doi: 10.1007/s00406-012-0373-0. PMID 23076736. S2CID 25194328. Harrow, M.; Jobe, T.H.; Faull, R.N. (October 2012). "Do all schizophrenia patients need antipsychotic treatment continuously throughout their lifetime? A 20-year longitudinal study". Psychological Medicine. 42 (10): 2145–55. doi: 10.1017/S0033291712000220. PMID 22340278. S2CID 29641445. Other studies used online questionnaires to explore insight outside of the laboratory, [26] [2] verifying the notion that insight often happens in situations such as in the shower, [23] and echoing the idea that creative ideas occur in situations where divergent thought is more likely, sometimes called the Three "B"s of Creativity, in Bed, on the Bus, or in the Bath. a b Segal, Eliaz (1 March 2004). "Incubation in Insight Problem Solving". Creativity Research Journal. 16 (1): 141–48. doi: 10.1207/s15326934crj1601_13. S2CID 145742283.

Wallas, inspired by the ideas of Hermann von Helmholtz and Henri Poincare, proposed four stages of progression for a creative process ( Wallas, 1926). Helmholtz, during a banquet held for his 70th birthday in 1891, revealed how he had reached his best ideas; always after first researching a problem in detail, letting it rest, and seeking a pleasant distraction. This way he was often surprised by a solution in the form of a pleasant experience. Wallas named these stages preparation (investigative stage), incubation (temporally discarding the problem from conscious thought), and illumination (the sudden arrival of a new “happy idea”), to which he added a fourth, the verification of the solution. These four stages have been recurrently used as a framework for studying insight in the psychological literature ( Luo and Niki, 2003; Jung-Beeman et al., 2004; Sandkühler and Bhattacharya, 2008; Weisberg, 2013). Although Wallas’ work covers the creative process in rather broad terms, its relevance to the study of insight is remarkable, due to the close proximity and similarity in conceptualization, measures, and processes ( Shen et al., 2017, 2018). a b c d Kounios, John; Beeman, Mark (1 August 2009). "The Aha! Moment: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Insight". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 18 (4): 210–216. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.521.6014. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01638.x. S2CID 16905317. Two clusters of problems, those solvable by insight and those not requiring insight to solve, have been observed. [12] A person's cognitive flexibility, fluency, and vocabulary ability are predictive of performance on insight problems, but not on non-insight problems. [12] In contrast, fluid intelligence is mildly predictive of performance on non-insight problems, but not on insight problems. [12] More recent research suggests that rather than insight versus search [ clarification needed], that the subjective feeling of insight varies, with some solutions experienced with a stronger feeling of Aha than others. [13] Emotion [ edit ] Using a geometric and spatial insight problem, it was found that providing participants with breaks improved their performance when compared to participants who did not receive a break. [17] However, the length of incubation between problems did not matter. Thus, participants' performance on insight problems improved just as much with a short break (4 minutes) as it did with a long break (12 minutes). [17] Sleep [ edit ] Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, AustriaThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher’s Note Perivoliotis, Dimitri; Grant, Paul M.; Peters, Emmanuelle R.; etal. (2010). "Cognitive insight predicts favorable outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis". Psychosis. 2: 23–33. doi: 10.1080/17522430903147520. S2CID 143474848.