Shannon, CW (1948). "A mathematical theory of communication". The Bell System Technical Journal. 27 (3): 379–423. doi: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x. Jeremy England developed a hypothesis of the physics of the origins of life, that he calls 'dissipation-driven adaptation'. [28] [29] The hypothesis holds that random groups of molecules can self-organize to more efficiently absorb and dissipate heat from the environment. His hypothesis states that such self-organizing systems are an inherent part of the physical world. [30] Other types of entropy and their use in defining life [ edit ]

Wolchover, Natalie (28 January 2014). "A New Physics Theory of Life". Scientific American . Retrieved 11 December 2014. The 1944 book What is Life? by Nobel-laureate physicist Erwin Schrödinger stimulated further research in the field. In his book, Schrödinger originally stated that life feeds on negative entropy, or negentropy as it is sometimes called, but in a later edition corrected himself in response to complaints and stated that the true source is free energy. More recent work has restricted the discussion to Gibbs free energy because biological processes on Earth normally occur at a constant temperature and pressure, such as in the atmosphere or at the bottom of the ocean, but not across both over short periods of time for individual organisms.a b McCulloch, Richard Sears (1876). Treatise on the mechanical theory of heat and its applications to the steam-engine, etc. New York: D. Van Nostrand.

The common justification for this argument, for example, according to renowned chemical engineer Kenneth Denbigh in his 1955 book The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium, is that "living organisms are open to their environment and can build up at the expense of foodstuffs which they take in and degrade."a b Wright, Sean E.; Rosen, Marc A. (1 February 2004). "Exergetic Efficiencies and the Exergy Content of Terrestrial Solar Radiation". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering. 126 (1): 673–676. doi: 10.1115/1.1636796. ISSN 0199-6231. Schrödinger, Erwin (1944). What is Life – the Physical Aspect of the Living Cell. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42708-1. John R. Woodward (2010). Artificial life, the second law of thermodynamics, and Kolmogorov Complexity. Artificial life, the second law of thermodynamics, and Kolmogorov Complexity. 2010 IEEE International Conference on Progress in Informatics and Computing a b Michaelian, K. (11 March 2011). "Thermodynamic dissipation theory for the origin of life". Earth System Dynamics. 2 (1): 37–51. arXiv: 0907.0042. Bibcode: 2011ESD.....2...37M. doi: 10.5194/esd-2-37-2011. ISSN 2190-4979. S2CID 14574109. McCulloh then declares that the applications of these two laws, i.e. what are currently known as the first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics, are innumerable:

In the 1944 book What is Life?, Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger, who in 1933 had won the Nobel Prize in Physics, theorized that life – contrary to the general tendency dictated by the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of an isolated system tends to increase – decreases or keeps constant its entropy by feeding on negative entropy. [5] The problem of organization in living systems increasing despite the second law is known as the Schrödinger paradox. [6] In his note to Chapter 6 of What is Life?, however, Schrödinger remarks on his usage of the term negative entropy: However, entropy is well defined much more broadly based on the probabilities of a system's states, whether or not the system is a dynamic one (for which equilibrium could be relevant). Even in those physical systems where equilibrium could be relevant, (1) living systems cannot persist in isolation, and (2) the second principle of thermodynamics does not require that free energy be transformed into entropy along the shortest path: living organisms absorb energy from sunlight or from energy-rich chemical compounds and finally return part of such energy to the environment as entropy (generally in the form of heat and low free-energy compounds such as water and carbon dioxide). Entropy is well defined for equilibrium systems, so objections to the extension of the second law and of entropy to biological systems, especially as it pertains to its use to support or discredit the theory of evolution, have been stated. [42] [43] Living systems and indeed many other systems and processes in the universe operate far from equilibrium.Ideas about the relationship between entropy and living organisms have inspired hypotheses and speculations in many contexts, including psychology, information theory, the origin of life, and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. MindArk and/or any of MindArk's Planet Partners cannot be held liable for any direct or indirect damages arising from using EntropiaLife. Haddad, Wassim M.; Chellaboina, VijaySekhar; Nersesov, Sergey G. (2005). Thermodynamics – A Dynamical Systems Approach. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12327-1. A contribution to this line of study, and an attempt to solve those conceptual limits, has been given by the Belgian scientist Ilya Prigogine throughout all his research, that lead him also to win the Nobel prize in 1977. One of his major contributions was the concept of dissipative system, which describes the thermodynamics of open systems in non-equilibrium states. You agree not to utilize any software to catalogue or otherwise distribute data collected by EntropiaLife without the expressed permission of its owners.