The Victorian Era is often considered to be entirely restrictive of nudity. However, throughout the United Kingdom in the 19th century, workers in coal mines were naked due to the heat and the narrow tunnels that would catch on clothing. Men and boys worked fully naked, while women and girls (usually employed as " hurriers") would generally only strip to the waist, but in some locations, they were fully naked as well. Testimony before a Parliamentary labour commission revealed that working naked in confined spaces made "sexual vices" a "common occurrence". [111] Late modern [ edit ] Japan [ edit ] Andrews, Jonathan (2007b). "The (un)dress of the mad poor in England, c.1650-1850. Part 2" (PDF). History of Psychiatry. 18 (2): 131–156. doi: 10.1177/0957154X06067246. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 18589927. S2CID 5540344. While the upper classes had turned clothing into fashion, those who could not afford otherwise continued to swim or bathe openly in natural bodies of water or frequent communal baths through the 19th century. Acceptance of public nudity re-emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Philosophically based movements, particularly in Germany, opposed the rise of industrialization. Freikörperkultur ('free body culture') represented a return to nature and the elimination of shame. In the 1960s naturism moved from being a small subculture to part of a general rejection of restrictions on the body. Women reasserted the right to uncover their breasts in public, which had been the norm until the 17th century. The trend continued in much of Europe, with the establishment of many clothing-optional areas in parks and on beaches.

In the later Middle Ages beginning with the Carolingian period, both men and women dressed from head to foot, going nude only when they swam, bathed, or slept. The Roman bathes continued to be used, even in monasteries, but were more often reserved for the ill. People swam in rivers and bathed in hot springs, Charlemagne doing so at Aix-en-Provence with as many as a hundred guests. In some pagan ceremonies, a young girl or woman would undress entirely to call forth the fertility of the fields. However, touching a woman was interfering with this life process, and prohibited. Nudity was sacred for pagans as part of procreation, thus associated only with sex. [82] Miles, Margaret R.; Lyon, Vanessa (2008). A Complex Delight: The Secularization of the Breast, 1350-1750. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520253483. Bastian, Misty L (2005). "The Naked and the Nude: Historically Multiple Meanings of Oto (Undress) in Southeastern Nigeria". In Masquelier, Adeline (ed.). Dirt, Undress, and Difference: Critical Perspectives on the Body's Surface. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21783-7. Hutnyk, John (1 July 1990). "Comparative Anthropology and Evans-Pritchard's Nuer Photography". Critique of Anthropology. 10 (1): 81–102. doi: 10.1177/0308275X9001000105. ISSN 0308-275X. S2CID 145594464. Heskel, Julia (2001). "Cicero as Evidence for Attitudes to Dress in the Late Republic". In Judith Lynn Sebesta & Larissa Bonfante (ed.). The World of Roman Costume. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299138547.

Unnamed tribe expedition – 2005

Ancient Roman attitudes toward male nudity differed from those of the Greeks, whose ideal of masculine excellence was expressed by the nude male body in art and in such real-life venues as athletic contests. The toga, by contrast, distinguished the body of the adult male citizen of Rome. [42] The poet Ennius ( c. 239–169BC) declared that "exposing naked bodies among citizens is the beginning of public disgrace ( flagitium), [a]" a sentiment echoed by Cicero. [48] [49] [50] [51]

Horwood, Catherine (1 December 2000). " 'Girls who arouse dangerous passions': women and bathing, 1900-39". Women's History Review. 9 (4): 653–673. doi: 10.1080/09612020000200265. ISSN 0961-2025. S2CID 142190288. Posner, Richard A.; Silbaugh, Katharine B. (1996). A Guide to America's Sex Laws. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226675640. Weaver, Fran (8 October 2010). "Seeking the real Finnish Sauna". This is Finland . Retrieved 7 October 2011. Miyoshi, Masao (2005). As We Saw Them: The First Japanese Embassy to the United States. Paul Dry Books. ISBN 978-1-58988-023-8. Socialist views of nudity extended to the Soviet Union, where in 1924 an informal organization called the "Down with Shame" movement held mass nude marches in an effort to dispel earlier, "bourgeois" morality. [124] [125] Other countries [ edit ]Corner, Sean (2012). "Did 'Respectable' Women Attend Symposia?". Greece & Rome. 59 (1): 34–45. doi: 10.1017/S0017383511000271. ISSN 1477-4550. Darcy, Jane (3 July 2020). "Promiscuous throng: The 'indecent' manner of sea-bathing in the nineteenth century". TLS. Times Literary Supplement (6118): 4–6. ISSN 0307-661X. Gale A632220975.

Dendle, Peter (2004). "How Naked Is Juliana?". Philological Quarterly. 83 (4): 355–370. ISSN 0031-7977. ProQuest 211146473 . Retrieved 3 April 2021. Sweet, Waldo E. (1987). Sport and Recreation in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook with Translations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536483-5. Toepfer, Karl Eric (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520918276. Modern History Sourcebook: Women Miners in English Coal Pits". Fordham University . Retrieved 9 November 2019.Ancient Greece had a particular fascination for aesthetics, which was also reflected in clothing or its absence. Sparta had rigorous codes of training ( agoge, ἀγωγή) and physical exercise was conducted in the nude. Athletes competed naked in public sporting events. [36] Spartan women, as well as men, would sometimes be naked in public processions and festivals. This practice was designed to encourage virtue in men while they were away at war and an appreciation of health in the women. [37] Women and goddesses were normally portrayed clothed in sculpture of the Classical period, with the exception of the nude Aphrodite. A book by a German national serving as a medical doctor in the Netherlands East Indies army between 1912 and 1914 describes the island of Bali as an "Eden" for Western visitors. His praise includes the beauty of Balinese women, who were bare-breasted in everyday life and unclothed while bathing. Both men and women covered their upper bodies in some situations, such as in a temple. [53] Vincent, Susan (2013). "From the Cradle to the Grave: Clothing and the early modern body". In Sarah Toulalan & Kate Fisher (ed.). The Routledge History of Sex and the Body: 1500 to the Present. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47237-1. In the British colonial period (1858-1947) people in northern India dressed modestly, but might bath nude in rivers. Indigenous peoples in southern tropical zones continued to be naked, but prior to Western colonization, some had already adopted more modest dress with the spread of Hinduism. [47] Japan [ edit ]

In traditional societies of East Africa such as the Samburu and Turkana in Kenya, the Nuba of Southern Sudan, and many others continue to dress appropriately for the climate, often entirely naked while working or bathing. In 2014 the parliament of Uganda passed an anti-pornography law which included a dress code outlawing "immoral" clothing that exposes the intimate parts of the body. [27] This law was enforced in the capital, Kampala, by male vigilantes, while the Karamajong people continued to dress untouched by western values, but celebrate the human body and acceptance of nakedness.

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al-Qaradawi, Yusuf (11 October 2013). The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam: الحلال والحرام في الإسلام. The Other Press. ISBN 978-967-0526-00-3. Depictions of naked savages entered European popular culture in the 18th century in popular stories of tropical islands. In particular, Europeans became fascinated by the image of the Pacific island woman with bare breasts. [55] While much was made of Polynesian nakedness, European cloth was welcomed as part of traditions of wrapping the body. [56] [57] Into the 20th century, the people of Pukapuka continued to be naked until adulthood. [58] Hawaii [ edit ] But under this flawless skin is a rotten deception, one deepened by a social-media saturated society. ‘Most of the bodies we see online on a daily basis aren’t even real, but rather enhanced or modified by technology to conform to a current, unsustainable trend,’ says LA-based photographer Julia SH, who is exhibiting powerful, textured portraits of bodies rarely depicted in 21st-century media, presented in museum-like frames. ‘In the US, what little nudity permitted is usually shown in a sexual context. Seeing nudes in a museum is one of the only exceptions to this. I created a series where I framed my models as sculptures and works of art in the hope that the viewer will suspend any judgments about whether they find the models sexually attractive or not, or whether their bodies are socially “acceptable”. The more body types we are exposed to, the more pragmatic our view will become.’