The Last King of Lydia
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Amidst extreme turmoil, Sadyattes was succeeded in 635 BCE by his son Alyattes, who would transform Lydia into a powerful empire. [66] [63] Soon after Alyattes's ascension and early during his reign, with Assyrian approval [67] and in alliance with the Lydians, [68] the Scythians under their king Madyes entered Anatolia, expelled the Treres from Asia Minor, and defeated the Cimmerians so that they no longer constituted a threat again, following which the Scythians extended their domination to Central Anatolia [69] until they were themselves expelled by the Medes from Western Asia in the 590s BCE. [60] This final defeat of the Cimmerians was carried out by the joint forces of Madyes, whom Strabo credits with expelling the Treres and Cimmerians from Asia Minor, and of Alyattes, whom Herodotus of Halicarnassus and Polyaenus claim finally defeated the Cimmerians. [70] [71] Tomb of Alyattes. The queen silently swore revenge for her shame. Next day, she summoned Gyges to her chamber. Gyges thought it was a routine request, but she confronted him immediately and presented him with two choices. One was to kill Candaules and seize the throne with Nyssia as his wife. The second was to be executed immediately by her trusted servants. Gyges pleaded with her to relent but she would not. He decided to take the first course of action and assassinate the king. The plan was that he should hide in the royal bedroom as before but this time from the king. After Candaules fell asleep, Gyges crept forward and stabbed him to death. [10] The presence of Atys at the court of this Midas might have inspired the legend recounted by Herodotus, according to which Croesus had a dream in which Atys was killed by an iron spear, after which he prevented his son from leading military activities, but Atys nevertheless found death while hunting a wild boar which was ravaging Lydia, during which he was accidentally hit by the spear thrown by the Phrygian prince Adrastus, who had previously exiled himself to Lydia after accidentally killing his own brother. [13]
According to Herodotus in The Histories, Candaules believed his wife to be the most beautiful woman on Earth. [7] Herodotus does not name the queen but later artists and writers have called her Nyssia. [8]
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Archaeological evidence does not support the idea of Lydian migration to Etruria. [17] [18] The Etruscan civilization's earliest phase, the Villanovan culture, emerged around 900 BC, [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] which itself developed from the previous Proto-Villanovan culture of Italy in the late Bronze Age. [29] This culture has no ties to Asia Minor or the Near East. [30] Linguists have identified an Etruscan-like language in a set of inscriptions on Lemnos island, in the Aegean Sea. Since the Etruscan language was a Pre-Indo-European language and neither Indo-European or Semitic, [31] Etruscan was not related to Lydian, which was a part of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European languages. [31] Instead, Etruscan language is considered part of the pre-Indo-European Tyrrhenian language family, along with the Lemnian and Rhaetian language. [32] The brothers Cleobis and Bito of the Argive race” and explained why, noting again a life well lived and a good death. Croesus, angered now, shouted: "Man of Athens, am I not the happiest man in the world? Dost thou count my happiness as nothing?" Solon replied calmly: The story is rejected by Bury and Meiggs, who assert that the family of Candaules, although descended from Heracles himself, had become degenerate. As a result, Candaules was assassinated c. 687 BC by Gyges, who ushered in a new era for Lydia ruled by his own Mermnadae clan. [2]
Croesus, upon hearing the Oracle’s response, recognized he and his ancestor had brought about his misfortune and placed himself at Cyrus’ mercy. Cyrus felt sorry for Croesus and, according to Herodotus, kept him on as a wise counsellor. This positive account of Croesus' end has been disputed by many scholars, both ancient and modern, as well as other tales in which the god Apollo carried Croesus and his family away after the fall of Sardis and they all lived happily ever after. Several stories of how the Heraclid dynasty of Candaules ended and the Mermnad dynasty of Gyges began have been related by different authors throughout history, mostly in a mythical vein. In Plato's Republic, Gyges used a magical ring to become invisible and usurp the throne, a plot device which has reappeared in numerous myths and works of fiction throughout history. [6] The earliest story, related by Herodotus in the 5th century BC, has Candaules betrayed and executed by his wife. [7] Herodotus' tale of King Candaules, Gyges and the queen [ edit ] Candaules showing Gyges his wife Nyssia by Jacob Jordaens, 1646 Candaules (died c.687 BC; Greek: Κανδαύλης, Kandaulēs), also known as Myrsilos (Μυρσίλος), [1] was a king of the ancient Kingdom of Lydia in the early years of the 7th century BC. According to Herodotus, he succeeded his father Meles as the 22nd and last king of Lydia's Heraclid dynasty. He was assassinated and succeeded by Gyges. [1] [2] Wallace, Robert W. (2016). "Redating Croesus: Herodotean Chronologies, and the Dates of the Earliest Coinages". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 136: 168–181. doi: 10.1017/S0075426916000124. JSTOR 44157500. S2CID 164546627 . Retrieved 14 November 2021. Sheridan, Paul (24 October 2015). "In Defence of King Candaules". Anecdotes from Antiquity. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2015.
Cite This Work
Mouton, Alice; Rutherford, Ian; Yakubovich, Ilya, eds. (2013). Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the. Brill. p.4. Although the Lydian language is only distantly related to Luwian... In The Sopranos season 4 episode 6, Ralph Cifaretto tells Artie Bucco “With what you take out of that bar, you must be sitting on money like King Croesus.” Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther, eds. (2014). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Oxford Companions (2ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.291–292. ISBN 9780191016752. Briquel's convincing demonstration that the famous story of an exodus, led by Tyrrhenus from Lydia to Italy, was a deliberate political fabrication created in the Hellenized milieu of the court at Sardis in the early 6th cent. bce..
At first, Ardys continued his father's policy. He continued the struggle against the Greeks in the west, and captured Priene. However, he understood that he could not take Miletus, the largest city on the Aegean coast, because the Lydians had no navy. Therefore, he signed a peace treaty with the Milesians and allowed them to build colonies in the Troad. Abydus, where one can easily cross from Asia to Europe, is probably the most important of these Greek settlements. In 547 BC, the Lydian king Croesus besieged and captured the Persian city of Pteria in Cappadocia and enslaved its inhabitants. The Persian king Cyrus The Great marched with his army against the Lydians. The Battle of Pteria resulted in a stalemate, forcing the Lydians to retreat to their capital city of Sardis. Some months later the Persian and Lydian kings met at the Battle of Thymbra. Cyrus won and captured the capital city of Sardis by 546 BC. [82] Lydia became a province ( satrapy) of the Persian Empire.
The ecclesiastical province of Lydia had a metropolitan diocese at Sardis and suffragan dioceses for Philadelphia, Thyatira, Tripolis, Settae, Gordus, Tralles, Silandus, Maeonia, Apollonos Hierum, Mostene, Apollonias, Attalia, Hyrcania, Bage, Balandus, Hermocapella, Hierocaesarea, Acrassus, Dalda, Stratonicia, Cerasa, Gabala, Satala, Aureliopolis and Hellenopolis. Bishops from the various dioceses of Lydia were well represented at the Council of Nicaea in 325 and at the later ecumenical councils. [83] Episcopal sees [ edit ] Church of St John, Philadelphia (Alaşehir) Lydian mythology is virtually unknown, and their literature and rituals have been lost due to the absence of any monuments or archaeological finds with extensive inscriptions; therefore, myths involving Lydia are mainly from Greek mythology. [ citation needed] Is it possible that his unending wealth has caused him to lose his mind? Croesus believed that he was the best and happiest man alive, and he once said this about himself. But a warning was given to him when a figure who had been drawn to the splendors of the court emerged in Sardis. a b Leloux, Kevin (December 2016). "The Battle of the Eclipse". Polemos: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research on War and Peace. Polemos. 19 (2). hdl: 2268/207259 . Retrieved 30 April 2019.
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