Nicotine is classified as a poison. [76] [77] However, at doses used by consumers, it presents little if any hazard to the user. [78] [79] [80] A 2018 Cochrane Collaboration review lists nine main adverse events related to nicotine replacement therapy: headache, dizziness/light-headedness, nausea/vomiting, gastro-intestinal symptoms, sleep/dream problems, non- ischemic palpitations and chest pain, skin reactions, oral/nasal reactions and hiccups. [81] Many of these were also common in the placebo group without nicotine. [81] Palpitations and chest pain were deemed "rare" and there was no evidence of an increased number of serious cardiac problems compared to the placebo group, even in people with established cardiac disease. [45] The common side effects from nicotine exposure are listed in the table below. Serious adverse events due to the use of nicotine replacement therapy are extremely rare. [45] At low amounts, it has a mild analgesic effect. [36] At sufficiently high doses, nicotine may result in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, salivation, bradyarrhythmia, and possibly seizures, hypoventilation, and death. [82] Common side effects of nicotine use according to route of administration and dosage form

Mündel T, Jones DA (July 2006). "Effect of transdermal nicotine administration on exercise endurance in men". Experimental Physiology. 91 (4): 705–13. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2006.033373. PMID 16627574. S2CID 41954065. Wong HP, Yu L, Lam EK, Tai EK, Wu WK, Cho CH (June 2007). "Nicotine promotes colon tumor growth and angiogenesis through beta-adrenergic activation". Toxicological Sciences. 97 (2): 279–287. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm060. PMID 17369603. Russell MA, Jarvis M, Iyer R, Feyerabend C. Relation of nicotine yield of cigarettes to blood nicotine concentrations in smokers. Br Med J. 1980 April 5; 280(6219): 972–976. Heishman SJ, Kleykamp BA, Singleton EG (July 2010). "Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance". Psychopharmacology. 210 (4): 453–69. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1. PMC 3151730. PMID 20414766. The significant effects of nicotine on motor abilities, attention, and memory likely represent true performance enhancement because they are not confounded by withdrawal relief. The beneficial cognitive effects of nicotine have implications for initiation of smoking and maintenance of tobacco dependence.

Though tobacco smoking is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease, [196] there is evidence that nicotine itself has the potential to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease. [197] a b c d e f g Parrott AC (April 2003). "Cigarette-derived nicotine is not a medicine". The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 4 (2): 49–55. doi: 10.3109/15622970309167951. PMID 12692774. S2CID 26903942. a b c d e f g h Siegmund B, Leitner E, Pfannhauser W (August 1999). "Determination of the nicotine content of various edible nightshades (Solanaceae) and their products and estimation of the associated dietary nicotine intake". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47 (8): 3113–20. doi: 10.1021/jf990089w. PMID 10552617. Schraufnagel DE, Blasi F, Drummond MB, Lam DC, Latif E, Rosen MJ, etal. (September 2014). "Electronic cigarettes. A position statement of the forum of international respiratory societies". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 190 (6): 611–8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201407-1198PP. PMID 25006874. S2CID 43763340. Levine A, Huang Y, Drisaldi B, Griffin EA, Pollak DD, Xu S, etal. (November 2011). "Molecular mechanism for a gateway drug: epigenetic changes initiated by nicotine prime gene expression by cocaine". Science Translational Medicine. 3 (107): 107ra109. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003062. PMC 4042673. PMID 22049069.

Tobacco was introduced to Europe in 1559, and by the late 17th century, it was used not only for smoking but also as an insecticide. After World War II, over 2,500 tons of nicotine insecticide were used worldwide, but by the 1980s the use of nicotine insecticide had declined below 200 tons. This was due to the availability of other insecticides that are cheaper and less harmful to mammals. [17] Dyspepsia, oropharyngeal irritation (e.g., coughing, irritation of the mouth and throat), rhinitis, and headache.Several in vitro studies have investigated the potential effects of nicotine on a range of oral cells. A recent systematic review concluded that nicotine was unlikely to be cytotoxic to oral cells in vitro in most physiological conditions but further research is needed. [201] Understanding the potential role of nicotine in oral health has become increasingly important given the recent introduction of novel nicotine products and their potential role in helping smokers quit. [202] See also [ edit ] Possible alteration of nicotine absorption through the skin from the transdermal nicotine patch by drugs that cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction. [75]

Nicotine is a hygroscopic, colorless to yellow-brown, oily liquid, that is readily soluble in alcohol, ether or light petroleum. It is miscible with water in its neutral amine base form between 60°C and 210°C. It is a dibasic nitrogenous base, having K b1=1×10 −6, K b2=1×10 −11. [153] It readily forms ammonium salts with acids that are usually solid and water-soluble. Its flash point is 95°C and its auto-ignition temperature is 244°C. [154] Nicotine is readily volatile ( vapor pressure 5.5 Pa at 25°C) [153] On exposure to ultraviolet light or various oxidizing agents, nicotine is converted to nicotine oxide, nicotinic acid (niacin, vitamin B3), and methylamine. [155] Nicotine is a secondary metabolite produced in a variety of plants in the family Solanaceae, most notably in tobacco Nicotiana tabacum, where it can be found at high concentrations of 0.5 to 7.5%. [172] Nicotine is also found in the leaves of other tobacco species, such as Nicotiana rustica (in amounts of 2–14%). Nicotine production is strongly induced in response to wounding as part of a jasmonate-dependent reaction. [173] Specialist insects on tobacco, such as the tobacco hornworm ( Manduca sexta), have a number of adaptations to the detoxification and even adaptive re-purposing of nicotine. [174] Nicotine is also found at low concentrations in the nectar of tobacco plants, where it may promote outcrossing by affecting the behavior of hummingbird pollinators. [175] a b c Ujváry I (1999). "Nicotine and Other Insecticidal Alkaloids". In Yamamoto I, Casida J (eds.). Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag. pp.29–69. Nesbitt P (1969). Smoking, physiological arousal, and emotional response. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University. NFPA Hazard Rating Information for Common Chemicals". Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.

Do nicotine-free vapes give you a buzz?

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 100E.) TOBACCO SMOKING. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304395/ a b Ruffle JK (November 2014). "Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about?". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 40 (6): 428–37. doi: 10.3109/00952990.2014.933840. PMID 25083822. S2CID 19157711. The knowledge of ΔFosB induction in chronic drug exposure provides a novel method for the evaluation of substance addiction profiles (i.e. how addictive they are). Xiong et al. used this premise to evaluate the potential addictive profile of propofol (119). Propofol is a general anaesthetic, however its abuse for recreational purpose has been documented (120). Using control drugs implicated in both ΔFosB induction and addiction (ethanol and nicotine),... Dinakar C, O'Connor GT (October 2016). "The Health Effects of Electronic Cigarettes". The New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (14): 1372–1381. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1502466. PMID 27705269. Beyond its addictive properties, short-term or long-term exposure to nicotine in adults has not been established as dangerous Although methods of production of synthetic nicotine have existed for decades, [187] it was believed that the cost of making nicotine by laboratory synthesis was cost prohibitive compared to extracting nicotine from tobacco. [188] However, recently synthetic nicotine started to be found in different brands of e-cigarettes and oral pouches and marketed as “tobacco-free.” [189]

Pinner A (1893). "Ueber Nicotin. I. Mitteilung". Archiv der Pharmazie. 231 (5–6): 378–448. doi: 10.1002/ardp.18932310508. S2CID 83703998. Pod mod electronic cigarettes use nicotine in the form of a protonated nicotine, rather than free-base nicotine found in earlier generations. [159] Preparation [ edit ] Tobacco and its evil cousin nicotine are good as a pesticide – American Chemical Society". American Chemical Society . Retrieved 29 October 2018. England LJ, Bunnell RE, Pechacek TF, Tong VT, McAfee TA (August 2015). "Nicotine and the Developing Human: A Neglected Element in the Electronic Cigarette Debate". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 49 (2): 286–293. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015. PMC 4594223. PMID 25794473. The amount of nicotine absorbed by the body from smoking can depend on many factors, including the types of tobacco, whether the smoke is inhaled, and whether a filter is used. However, it has been found that the nicotine yield of individual products has only a small effect (4.4%) on the blood concentration of nicotine, [145] suggesting "the assumed health advantage of switching to lower-tar and lower-nicotine cigarettes may be largely offset by the tendency of smokers to compensate by increasing inhalation".Heishman SJ, Kleykamp BA, Singleton EG (July 2010). "Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance". Psychopharmacology. 210 (4): 453–69. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1. PMC 3151730. PMID 20414766. a b Smith TT, Rupprecht LE, Cwalina SN, Onimus MJ, Murphy SE, Donny EC, Sved AF (August 2016). "Effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition on the Reinforcing Properties of Low-Dose Nicotine". Neuropsychopharmacology. 41 (9): 2335–2343. doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.36. PMC 4946064. PMID 26955970.