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Amphetamines increase dopamine/norepinephrine release and inhibit their reuptake, leading to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation a b c Burchfield G (1997). Meredith H (ed.). "What's your poison: caffeine". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2014. Consumption of caffeine after abdominal surgery shortens the time to recovery of normal bowel function and shortens length of hospital stay. [48]

Yang TW, Wang CC, Sung WW, Ting WC, Lin CC, Tsai MC (March 2022). "The effect of coffee/caffeine on postoperative ileus following elective colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 37 (3): 623–630. doi: 10.1007/s00384-021-04086-3. PMC 8885519. PMID 34993568. S2CID 245773922. Caffeine may be synthesized in the lab starting with dimethylurea and malonic acid. [ clarification needed] [200] [201] [205] Much of the research into the effects of caffeine has only looked at coffee. We still don’t know much about other caffeine containing foods and drinks. Mixing caffeine with alcohol and other drugs Global consumption of caffeine has been estimated at 120,000tonnes per year, making it the world's most popular psychoactive substance. [22] This amounts to an average of one serving of a caffeinated beverage for every person every day. [22] The consumption of caffeine has remained stable between 1997 and 2015. [281] Coffee, tea and soft drinks are the most important caffeine sources, with energy drinks contributing little to the total caffeine intake across all age groups. [281] Religions Caffeine increases intraocular pressure in those with glaucoma but does not appear to affect normal individuals. [135]Gout prevention. Regularly drinking 4 cups of coffee per day may reduce the risk of developing gout by 40% in men and 57% in women ( 50, 51).

Nehlig A (2010). "Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer?" (PDF). Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 20 (Suppl 1): S85–94. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-091315. PMID 20182035. S2CID 17392483. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2021. Caffeine does not usually affect performance in learning and memory tasks, although caffeine may occasionally have facilitatory or inhibitory effects on memory and learning. Caffeine facilitates learning in tasks in which information is presented passively; in tasks in which material is learned intentionally, caffeine has no effect. Caffeine facilitates performance in tasks involving working memory to a limited extent, but hinders performance in tasks that heavily depend on this, and caffeine appears to improve memory performance under suboptimal alertness. Most studies, however, found improvements in reaction time. The ingestion of caffeine does not seem to affect long-term memory.... Its indirect action on arousal, mood and concentration contributes in large part to its cognitive enhancing properties. Normally, adenosine levels build up over the day, making you increasingly more tired and causing you to want to go to sleep.In 1819, Runge was invited to show Goethe how belladonna caused dilation of the pupil, which Runge did, using a cat as an experimental subject. Goethe was so impressed with the demonstration that: Tea contains more caffeine than coffee by dry weight. A typical serving, however, contains much less, since less of the product is used as compared to an equivalent serving of coffee. Also contributing to caffeine content are growing conditions, processing techniques, and other variables. Thus, teas contain varying amounts of caffeine. [231] People with existing medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, may be more sensitive to caffeine. This can make a normal amount of caffeine more dangerous. If you have an existing medical condition, it’s a good idea to eat or drink less caffeine.

Caffeine is used for both prevention [34] and treatment [35] of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. It may improve weight gain during therapy [36] and reduce the incidence of cerebral palsy as well as reduce language and cognitive delay. [37] [38] On the other hand, subtle long-term side effects are possible. [39] Schmidt B (2005). "Methylxanthine therapy for apnea of prematurity: evaluation of treatment benefits and risks at age 5 years in the international Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) trial". Biology of the Neonate. 88 (3): 208–13. doi: 10.1159/000087584. PMID 16210843. S2CID 30123372. Well, the jury is still out. Lab studies are showing promising results, but without in-depth world studies, we can’t say its effectiveness for sure. There is no clinically viable evidence – yet.Koot P, Deurenberg P (1995). "Comparison of changes in energy expenditure and body temperatures after caffeine consumption". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 39 (3): 135–42. doi: 10.1159/000177854. PMID 7486839. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction: Supercritical carbon dioxide is an excellent nonpolar solvent for caffeine, and is safer than the organic solvents that are otherwise used. The extraction process is simple: CO 2 is forced through the green coffee beans at temperatures above 31.1°C and pressures above 73 atm. Under these conditions, CO 2 is in a " supercritical" state: It has gaslike properties that allow it to penetrate deep into the beans but also liquid-like properties that dissolve 97–99% of the caffeine. The caffeine-laden CO 2 is then sprayed with high-pressure water to remove the caffeine. The caffeine can then be isolated by charcoal adsorption (as above) or by distillation, recrystallization, or reverse osmosis. [207]