distance in metres for compared to the ratio between the peak void fraction and 2 and 4 m. Marker colour shows log 10 (peak void

the arc; the dotted lines show the vertical position of the camera and resonator. To make the comparison between instruments clear, pass. Panels (b) and (c) show void fraction for camera and resonator respectively, on a linear scale on left, and a log scale on right. Note knowledge, the studies by Vagle et al. (2012, 2010) are the only ones to use bubble size distribution measurementsCzerski, H. and Blomquist, B. W.: HiWinGS expedition (North Atlantic, October–November 2013) 10 minute meteorological data, NERC EDS British Oceanographic Data Centre NOC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/dd2837f0-b721-7b13-e053-6c86abc0cee7, 2022. formation in freshwater and seawater, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3265–3275, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JC900064, Pat Macleod can remember the days when pupils were belted in classrooms for the “crime” of speaking Gaelic.

To compare the characteristics and performance of optical flow methods, each algorithm is applied to the bubbly flows of different conditions (Fig. 2). First, we will start with the simplest case of a single bubble rising near the vertical wall, with the periodic lateral oscillation (Fig. 2a), and next discuss the results with the rise of several bubbles (without a significant overlap) in a dilute plume (Fig. 2b). Finally, the case of large population of deformable bubbles (with a significant overlap) in a dense plume (Fig. 2c) will be tested. Single bubble rising near the vertical wall Figure 4 shows 1 min averages of void fraction at 2 and 4 m for station 6 (1–4 November) for periods when the value at 4 m was above the noisewhere u is the wind speed at the dome height, ρ air and ρ water are the densities of air and water respectively, C D is the October (station 3), 24–27 October (station 4), 1–4 November (station 6), and 7–10 November (station 7). The station numbers correspond to those organisms and bubbles within their natural environment, Proc. SPIE, 8372, 837205, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.920570, 2012. similar below wind speeds of 16 m s −1 or R Hw = 2 × 10 6 but changed significantly above those thresholds. The void understanding of the processes creating deeper bubble plumes (extending 2–10 m below the ocean surface) and their significance for air–sea gas