Ece B, Gülgöz S. The impact of suppressing the typical life events on the reminiscence bump. Applied Cognitive Psychology. 2014;28(5):702–10. Rubin DC, Berntsen D. Life scripts help to maintain autobiographical memories of highly positive, but not highly negative, events. Memory & cognition. 2003;31(1):1–14. Memory activation methods play a significant role in the nature of the memories activated. Word cuing methods yield unbiased sampling of memories across the entire life span [ 12], whereas the important memories method focuses on eliciting the most important memories of a person’s life, and tends to produce a narrative-based search [ 8, 12]. Important and self-defining memories are closely linked to the meaning-making processes of individuals [ 124, 125]. The different types of memory activation methods and theoretical accounts of the bump have common underlying mechanisms influencing bump location. The range and location of the bump vary according to memory activation method: word cuing methods yield a disproportionately large number of recent memories and an earlier bump location (see Table 2), as well as with respect to the type of memories activated. Differing locations of the bump have significant implications for theoretical accounts explaining the bump [ 8]. In this review, the researchers present a general range of the bump approximated through the analysis of all studies: 16–30 years of age for the important memories method; 5–30 years of age for word cuing methods. A past review paper calculated the mean range and midpoint of the bump formed through different cuing methods. The mean range of bump for word cued and important memories was calculated between 8.7 to 22.5 and 15.1 to 27.9 years of age, respectively [ 8]. The differences in location of the bump could be due to different methods of activating memories or differences in memory types.

Leist AK, Ferring D, Filipp S-H. Remembering positive and negative life events: Associations with future time perspective and functions of autobiographical memory. GeroPsych: The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry. 2010;23(3):137. Benson KA, Jarvi SD, Arai Y, Thielbar PR, Frye KJ, McDonald BLG. Socio-historical context and autobiographical memories: Variations in the reminiscence phenomenon. Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory: Springer; 1992. p. 313–22. Holmes A, Conway MA. Generation identity and the reminiscence bump: Memory for public and private events. Journal of Adult Development. 1999;6(1):21–34. Maki Y, Janssen SMJ, Uemiya A, Naka M. The phenomenology and temporal distributions of autobiographical memories elicited with emotional and neutral cue words. Memory. 2013;21(3):286–300. pmid:23215874 Public events. A number of research studies focused on memories for important public and private news items, as well as public events. [ 10, 80, 81]. In another study, authors elicited both autobiographical and public events [ 88].Koppel J, Berntsen D. Does everything happen when you are young? Introducing the youth bias. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2014;67(3):417–23. pmid:24286365 Berntsen D, Rubin D. Emotionally charged autobiographical memories across the life span: The recall of happy, sad, traumatic, and inventory memories. Psychology and aging. 2002;17(4):636–52. pmid:12507360 When examining the life span distribution of autobiographical memories (AMs), three phenomena are revealed. The first is childhood amnesia, or the limited recollection of AMs from a very young age, which is present in the life span retrieval curve as a steadily rising function between 0–8 years of age [ 1]. The second, the recency effect, dictates that memories recalled by most individuals are of recent events, and the frequency of these memories decline gradually [ 2]. Lastly, the reminiscence bump—also known as “the bump”—enhances memory recall from approximately 10–30 years of age by people over the age of 30 [ 3], and is considered one of the most robust findings in AM research [ 4]. As the reminiscence bump features deviation from the standard forgetting curve and forgetting functions [ 2, 3], it is recognized as a peculiar phenomenon and defining feature of AM [ 2, 3]. The reminiscence bump concept is included in most introductory psychology textbooks due to its significance to AM and the field of cognitive psychology [ 5– 7]. Cuervo-lombard C, Jovenin N, Hedelin G, Rizzo-peter L, Conway MA, Danion J-m. Autobiographical memory of adolescence and early adulthood events: An investigation in schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS. 2007;13(2):335–43. pmid:17286890; 17286890. Copeland DE, Radvansky GA, Goodwin KA. A novel study: Forgetting curves and the reminiscence bump. Memory. 2009;17(3):323–36. pmid:19206017

Janssen SM, Murre JM, Meeter M. Reminiscence bump in memory for public events. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 2008;20(4):738–64. Berntsen D, Rubin DC. Emotionally charged autobiographical memories across the life span: the recall of happy, sad, traumatic, and involuntary memories. Psychology and aging. 2002;17(4):636–52. Epub 2003/01/01. pmid:12507360. Thomsen DK, Pillemer DB, Ivcevic Z. Life story chapters, specific memories and the reminiscence bump. Memory. 2011;19(3):267–79. pmid:21500087 Particularly large or deep pimples can damage the skin and lead to scarring. These acne scars may appear as lowered or raised areas of skin that will typically become more noticeable as people age and start to lose collagen fibers in their skin. Free recall of public and private news items revealed differential bumps: 10 to 19 years for public items and 20 to 29 years for private items [ 42]. The earlier bump reflects a period of formation of generation identity, while the later bump mirrors a period of formation of intimate relationships [ 42]. The generation of self-images in the form of “I am” statements to test the relationship between memory accessibility and self, lends support to the narrative/identity account due to the clustering of AMs around the time of self-formation [ 93]. However, this evidence was only found when the first three memories representing each self were compared at age 20 versus age 40. Another study revealed an absence of the bump for AMs when highly self-relevant life events were supressed [ 69].Koppel J, Berntsen D. The reminiscence bump in autobiographical memory and for public events: A comparison across different cueing methods. Memory. 2016;24(1):44–62. pmid:25529327

The present systematic review extends the body of knowledge on the reminiscence bump, highlights theoretical accounts giving various explanations for the bump, and supports the use of a variety of methods of identity construction as possible explanations for the bump phenomenon. It shows that varying locations of the bump could be due to different methods of activating memories or differences in memory types. Future research could examine memory functions and the measure of the self, along with the role of SDMs in the association of identity and the bump. New research could also be conducted on the salience of identity in memories, and the significance of goals in SDM formation. The role of SDMs in helping familiarize an individual to age-related changes could be investigated. Janssen SMJ, Rubin DC, St. Jacques PL. The temporal distribution of autobiographical memory: changes in reliving and vividness over the life span do not explain the reminiscence bump. Memory & Cognition. 2011;39(1):1–11. pmid:21264610 The Result from Theoretical Calculation. In this area, the width of the coal pillar ( J) is 160 m. The distance between the conglomerate beam and the coal seam ( h) is 358.66 m. The caving angle ( α) is 65°. The mining length ( m) of 21121 face is 1220 m. Taking the above parameters into equation ( 16), it can be concluded that the disturbed range of mining length for 13230 face is 0 ≤ n ≤ 653.7 m. According to the actual mining progress, the cumulative mining length of 13230 face is 653.4 m on 2019-7-7 and 654 m on 2019-7-8, respectively. So it is considered that 2019-7-7 is the critical time for the 13230 face disturbed by conglomerate. Janssen SM, Rubin DC, Jacques PLS. The temporal distribution of autobiographical memory: changes in reliving and vividness over the life span do not explain the reminiscence bump. Memory & cognition. 2011;39(1):1–11. pmid:21264610Singer JA, Salovey P. The remembered self: emotion and memory in personality. Salovey P, editor. New York: Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan International; 1993.

Janssen SMJ, Kristo G, Rouw R, Murre JMJ. The relation between verbal and visuospatial memory and autobiographical memory. Consciousness and Cognition. 2015;31(Supplement C):12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.10.001. Schroots JJF, Dijkum CV, Assink MHJ. Autobiographical Memory from a Life Span Perspective. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 2004;58(1):69–85. pmid:15248473. Cuervo-Lombard C, Jovenin N, Hedelin GUY, Rizzo-Peter L, Conway MA, Danion J-M. Autobiographical memory of adolescence and early adulthood events: An investigation in schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2007;13(2):335–43. Epub 02/02. pmid:17286890 Haque S, Hasking PA. Life scripts for emotionally charged autobiographical memories: A cultural explanation of the reminiscence bump. Memory. 2010;18(7):712–29. pmid:20803371 Word cuing method. A number of research studies use cuing methods for collecting memories, for instance odor cues, emotional cues and words cues. However, most of the studies used word cues for activating memories. The type of cues used, and their number, varies from study to study, and some studies use more than one cue recall method: (a) using word cues (i.e. emotional, emotion-provoking, and neutral); (b) instructing children to write future life stories using 10 word cues; (c) using both odor cues and word label cues; (d) reading novels and then implementing a cued recall task; (e) reporting important word-cue memories; (f) using 50 word cues for AMs; (g) employing 15 word cues pertaining to common locations, objects, positive emotions, negative emotions, and significant others; (h) Associative Memory Questionnaire with 18 word cues, (i) modified Autobiographical Memory Test having a list of 16 word cues; and (j) questionnaires implementing both the word cues and important memories method [ 17, 60– 62, 64, 88, 89, 96, 114, 116].

Abstract

Singer JA, Moffitt KH. An Experimental Investigation of Specificity and Generality in Memory Narratives. Imagination, Cognition and Personality. 1992;11(3):233–57.