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The elastic modulus of the material increased to ~ 113 GPa (55% improvement) by addition of 6 wt% of alumina nano-powder to the resin, while additional alumina resulted in a degradation of the modulus (Fig. 2b) likely due to the clustering of nanoparticles, also observed in other PDCs 33. Similar trends were observed for the hardness (Fig. 2c) and fracture toughness (Fig. 2d) of the material; however, only 15% improvement in fracture toughness could be obtained with Al 2O 3 nano-fillers. R. Garcia, C. Clausell, A. Barba, Oxynitride glasses: a review. Bol. La Soc. Esp. Ceram. Y Vidr. 55, 209–218 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsecv.2016.09.004 Muchtar, A. & Lim, L. Indentation fracture toughness of high purity submicron alumina. Acta Mater. 46(5), 1683–1690 (1998). W. Zhu, J. Chen, C. Jiang, C. Hao, J. Zhang, Joining of porous alumina with a CaO-Al 2O 3-SiO 2 glass-ceramic. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96, 1738–1744 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.12310

M. Schubert, N. Leupold, J. Exner, J. Kita, R. Moos, High-temperature electrical insulation behavior of alumina films prepared at room temperature by aerosol deposition and influence of annealing process and powder impurities. J. Therm. Spray Technol. 27, 870–879 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-018-0719-x The active fillers, Al 2O 3 or Si 3N 4 nanoparticles, were more effective than nanotubes in improving mechanical properties: 1.5 ×, 3 × and 2.5 × improvements in modulus, hardness, and the fracture toughness ( J IC) were achieved, respectively. The specific modulus of the modified PDCs was similar to technical ceramics, while these PDCs were tougher and much easier to form into complex shapes. Alford, N. M., Birchall, J. & Kendall, K. High-strength ceramics through colloidal control to remove defects. Nature 330(6143), 51 (1987). Leo, S., Tallon, C., Stone, N. & Franks, G. V. Near-net-shaping methods for ceramic elements of (body) armor systems. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 97(10), 3013–3033 (2014). M.J. Pomeroy, S. Hampshire, Controlled crystallisation of a Y-Si-Al-O-N glass typical of grain boundary glasses formed in silicon nitride-based ceramics. Key Eng. Mater. 403, 91–94 (2008). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.403.91Mirkhalaf, M. & Zreiqat, H. Fabrication and mechanics of bioinspired materials with dense architectures: Current status and future perspectives. JOM 72(4), 1458–1476 (2020).

Günthner, M. et al. High performance environmental barrier coatings, Part I: Passive filler loaded SiCN system for steel. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 31(15), 3003–3010 (2011). A polysilazane (commercial name Ceraset PSZ 20) from KiON industries was used as the preceramic polymer 42. In the absence of oxygen, the curing time for this polysilazane was extremely long (up to 24 h). By adding 3 wt% dicumyl peroxide (ACROS Organics) as a radical initiator, the curing time was reduced to 15 min in vacuum at 150 °C. Al 2O 3 nano-powder (13 nm particle size, Sigma Aldrich 718475), Si 3N 4 nano-powder (< 50 nm aspherical particle size, Sigma Aldrich 636703), and CNTs (NC 7000™ industrial grade multi-walled CNTs from Nanocyl, average diameter of 9.5 nm) with different concentrations were employed as nano-fillers. Prior to mixing, the nanoparticles were dried in vacuum at 150 °C for two hours. After cooling to room temperature, the powder was mixed with the polymer resin using a planetary mixer (Thinky ARE-310) at 2000 rpm for 3 min. The degassing of the mixture was done in two stages: in the planetary mixer at 2200 rpm for 3 min, and then under vacuum for 30 min. 10 g of the mixture was then poured into a circular aluminum mold with diameter of 6 cm. The material was subsequently crosslinked at 150 °C for 15 min and then removed from the mold. The resulting samples were heated to 400 °C (2 °C/min) and held at this temperature for four hours to finish the cross-linking of the polymer. Under an isostatic pressure of 30 MPa in nitrogen, the temperature was then increased to 1000 °C (2 °C/min) and held at 1000 °C for four hours for pyrolysis 43. The samples were then cooled to room temperature at 2 °C/min. The optical microscopy images were taken with an Olympus microscope (Tokyo, Japan). Nano/micro-indentation Greil, P. Near net shape manufacturing of polymer derived ceramics. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 18(13), 1905–1914 (1998). T. Hayashi, T.Y. Tien, Formation and crystallization of oxynitride glasses in the system Si, Al, Mg/O. N. J. Ceram. Assoc. Jpn. 94, 54–62 (1986). https://doi.org/10.2109/jcersj1950.94.54 Bernardo, E., Fiocco, L., Parcianello, G., Storti, E. & Colombo, P. Advanced ceramics from preceramic polymers modified at the nano-scale: A review. Materials 7(3), 1927–1956 (2014).

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X. Wang, J. Wang, H. Wang, A heat-resistant organic adhesive for joining Al 2O 3 ceramics in air and argon atmospheres. J. Manuf. Process. 26, 67–73 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.01.014 L. Esposito, A. Bellosi, Ceramic oxide bonds using calcium aluminosilicate glasses. J. Mater. Sci. 40, 2493–2498 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-1981-0 Katsuda, Y., Gerstel, P., Narayanan, J., Bill, J. & Aldinger, F. Reinforcement of precursor-derived Si–C–N ceramics with carbon nanotubes. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 26(15), 3399–3405 (2006). W. Zhu, H. Zhang, D. Xue, H. Jiang, X. Ran, Joining alumina ceramic by using glass ceramic filler with high crystallinity for high temperature application. Ceram. Int. 45, 20999–21003 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.06.285 H. Lee, I.G. Kim, T.H. Kim, T.H. Kim, W.J. Chung, Transparent alumino-boro-phosphate glass coating on a thermally tempered soda-lime silicate glass substrate. J. Korean Ceram. Soc. 58, 566–573 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43207-021-00131-7

H. Liang, K. Zuo, Y. Xia, D. Yao, J. Yin, Y. Zeng, Joining of dense Si 3N 4 ceramics with tape cast Lu-Al-Si-O-N interlayer. Ceram. Int. 44, 4824–4828 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.12.070 H. Miyazaki, M. Hotta, H. Kita, Y. Izutsu, Joining of alumina with a porous alumina interlayer. Ceram. Int. 38, 1149–1155 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.08.043A.E. Abel, T.A. Kruger, R.W. Mouk, G.J. Knasiak, Silazane and/or polysilazane compounds and methods of making, Google Patents, 2001.