That's why you'll often see pieces of electronic equipment described as "solid-state." Electronic circuits and circuit boards Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (1991). IBM's 360 and early 370 systems. MIT Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0262161237. a b "The History of the Integrated Circuit". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 April 2012. The Mysterious Memristor by Sally Adee, IEEE Spectrum, May 1, 2008. A fascinating, easy-to-understand introduction to the development of memristors. Open Circuits: The Inner Beauty of Electronic Components by Eric Schlaepfer and Windell Oksay. No Starch, 2022. A coffee-table guide to all your favorite electronic bits and pieces. What's going on inside them and how do they really work?

Analog circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linear effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers and oscillators. likely to be measured in fractions of milliamps (which are thousandths of amps). In other words, a typical Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race – CHM Revolution". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020 . Retrieved 22 July 2019.

Binary Numbers

Brown, Stephen; Vranesic, Zvonko (2008). Fundamentals of Digital Logic (e-book). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0077144227. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022 . Retrieved 12 August 2022. Intel to deliver first computer chip with two billion transistors". The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 February 2008. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022 . Retrieved 12 August 2022. However, vacuum tubes played a leading role in the field of microwave and high power transmission as well as television receivers until the middle of the 1980s. [6]

Over three decades, the United States' global share of semiconductor manufacturing capacity fell, from 37% in 1990, to 12% in 2022. [36] America's pre-eminent semiconductor manufacturer, Intel Corporation, fell far behind its subcontractor Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) in manufacturing technology. [35] J. Lienig; H. Bruemmer (2017). Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design. Springer International Publishing. p.1. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0. ISBN 978-3319558394. This board contains several dozen separate electronic components, mostly small resistors and capacitors, The cables supply electricity that powers high-current electrical circuits and low-current electronic ones. Knuth, Donald (1980). The Art of Computer Programming. Vol.2: Seminumerical Algorithms (2nded.). Addison-Wesley. pp.190–192. ISBN 0201038226. .Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History". Computer History Museum. 2 April 2018. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019 . Retrieved 28 July 2019. and rotate the turntable. The low-current electronic circuits (red) control these high-powered circuits,