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To demonstrate the remarkable underestimation of sound pressure from wind turbines from conventional measures, Salt and Kaltenbach ( 2011) measured no sound pressure with A-weighting at 10 Hz from wind turbine sounds. However, with C- and G-weighted and Van den Berg 2006-unweighted measures, the sound pressures at 10 Hz were around 40–60 db. The pressure from turbines within the 1-Hz range remained similar for the C- and G-weighted measures but was around 90 db for the completely unweighted measure. These pressures and frequencies are well within the range sufficient to stimulate inner hair cells of the basilar membrane and the multitude of different cavities within the human body. These measurements indicate the sound pressures below 10 Hz are powerful sources of potential biological stimuli. The diagram also shows the speakers snugly fitted within hollow, flexible PVC pipes (with corrugated walls). Persinger MA (1993) Personality changes following brain injury as a grief response to the loss of sense of self: phenomenological themes as indices of local lability and neurocognitive structuring as psychotherapy. Psychol Rep 72:1059–1068 Wike EL, Wolfe VL, Norsworthy KA (1975) The effects of low frequency, whole body vibration on rats: prolonged training, predictability, incremental training, and taste conditioning. Bull Psychon Soc 5(4):333–335 There are two perspectives for measuring the complex influences from the environment. They can be measured as pressure or energy, a duality similar to that of mass and energy. The fluctuation pressures required to induce the sensation of hearing in most people are minimum around 1–2 kHz. The reference for this value is 2 × 10 −5 Pa (Newton per meter square) or 0 db. The reference power density required at 1 kHz for the detection of a sound is considered, by convention, to be 10 −12 W m −2.
E.K. von Muggenthaler, J.W. Stoughton, J.C. Daniel, Jr.: Infrasound from the rhinocerotidae, from O.A. Ryder (1993): Rhinoceros biology and conservation: Proceedings of an international conference, San Diego, U.S.A. San Diego, Zoological Society Zasky, Jason. "Return to Dead Mountain— Kármán vortex street, infrasound at Dyatlov Pass". failuremag.com . Retrieved 13 July 2020. Lowe, Justin (3 October 2017). " 'The Sound': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 29 March 2021. Continuing her search, Kelly soon encounters ghostly apparitions and overwhelming low-frequency sound waves below the threshold of human hearing that emanate from a source she's unable to identify with her audio gear. The experience of discomfort and the pain is psychological phenomena generated within the cerebral cortices. The stimuli associated with these sensations frequently result in damage to tissue and its constituents, cells. One exception would be ionizing radiation where a fatal dosage is not always “experienced” at the time of exposure. In normal situations, such as when a person smashes his or her finger, there is no “pain” in the finger, although there may be tissue damage. Pain is the experience associated with specific patterns of cortical activity within the parietal lobes where inputs from the portions of external body are superimposed or within the insula where input from internal organs is represented. The insula is a major structure of the brain associated with aversive visceral learning. This type of learning often requires only one trial or association to be acquired and not forgotten. This is an important consideration for people living in the vicinity of constructed devices for which associated stimuli, such as their movement, shape, or presence, could become conditioned stimuli.
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The microphone design differs from that of a conventional audio system in that the peculiar features of infrasound are taken into account. First, infrasound propagates over vast distances through the Earth's atmosphere as a result of very low atmospheric absorption and of refractive ducting that enables propagation by way of multiple bounces between the Earth's surface and the stratosphere. A second property that has received little attention is the great penetration capability of infrasound through solid matter– a property utilized in the design and fabrication of the system windscreens. [73]
Murugan NJ, Karbowski LM, Lafrenie RM, Persinger MA (2013) Temporally-patterned magnetic fields induce complete fragmentation in planaria. PLOSone Garstang, Michael (1 January 2010), Brudzynski, Stefan M. (ed.), "Chapter 3.2 - Elephant infrasounds: long-range communication", Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience, Handbook of Mammalian Vocalization, Elsevier, vol.19, pp.57–67 , retrieved 27 January 2020 Green JE, Dunn F (1968) Correlation of naturally occurring infrasonics and selected human behavior. J Acoust Soc Am 44(5):1456–1457 Gavreau V., "Sons graves intenses et infrasons" in: Scientific Progress– la Nature (Sept. 1968) pp. 336–344Campbell WH (1967) Geomagnetic pulsations. In: Matsushita S, Campbell WH (eds) Physics of geomagnetic phenomena. Academic Press, New York, pp 821–909 The frequency between 1 and 4 Hz, the delta range for brain waves (electroencephalographic measures), is the one involved with slow wave (deep sleep). Disruptions in this sleep, particularly during the first approximately 5 h of the sleep cycle, can affect the remarkably synchronized release of hormones and proteins that facilitate tissue repair and normal homeostasis. The energy available from the pressure fluctuations within a human cerebral volume of 10 −3 m 3 would be equivalent to 10 −6 J. Assuming each neuron utilized about a pJ of glucose per second, the energy from the fluctuating pressure wave would be sufficient to compensate for or augment the activity of approximately a million neurons that were most active at the time. The numbers of neurons involved with the core nuclei of the brain stem controlling slow-wave sleep are within this range. Maintained, diminished brain stem concentrations of serotonin (and noradrenalin) are associated with increased incidences of depression. Larom, D.; Garstang, M.; Payne, K.; Raspet, R.; Lindeque, M. (1997). "The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 200 (3): 421–431. doi: 10.1242/jeb.200.3.421. PMID 9057305 . Retrieved 27 May 2009.
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