Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

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is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification ( Figure 1.2 a). Macro- means “large,” thus, gross anatomy is also referred to as macroscopic anatomy. In contrast, micro- means “small,” and is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. For example, a systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal Anatomists take two general approaches to the study of the body’s structures: regional and systemic. word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means “to cut apart.” Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect bodies of the Above all, Gerard is devoted to his students and their aspirations. In recognition of this commitment, Gerard was the recipient of MACUB's 1992 President's Memorial Award. In 1996, he received a National Institute for Staff and Organizational Development (NISOD) excellence award from the University of Texas and was selected to represent Bergen Community College in a campaign to increase awareness of the contributions of community colleges to higher education.

Adaptive Assignments Powered by Knewton ignite students’ confidence to persist so that they can succeed in their courses and beyond. By continuously adapting to each student’s needs and providing achievable goals with just-in-time instruction, Adaptive Assignments close knowledge gaps to accelerate learning. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written New Opening Questions: Each chapter starts with questions designed to stimulate interest and class discussion, accompanied by new illustrations. A horizontal (transverse) plane divides the body or organ horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. This is also known as a cross‐section.

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Interactive VitalSource e-Text: Students can easily search content, highlight and take notes, access instructor’s notes and highlights, and read offline to any device. Revised, Added, and Illustrated Clinical Connections: Includes a Clinical Connection in Chapter 23 dealing with tracheostomy, endotracheal intubations, and ventilators. At the chemical level, atoms, molecules (combinations of atoms), and the chemical bonds between atoms provide the framework upon which all living activity is based. The cell is the smallest unit of life. Organelles within the cell are specialized bodies performing specific cellular functions. Cells themselves may be specialized. Thus, there are nerve cells, bone cells, and muscle cells. The posterior/dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity (which contains the brain) and the vertebral cavity (which contains the spinal cord).

is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. Much of the study of physiology centers on the body’s tendency toward homeostasis. Practitioner’s Perspective Videos: These engaging videos share the perspective of the clinician on a clinical case study. The clinicians represent an array of possible future careers for the students, including doctors and nurses but also EMT, audiologist, acupuncturist, and radiologic technician. The practitioners are diverse and represent broad student populations. Each of these practitioner’s share an engaging story about a person who is experiencing a disease state such as kidney stones, multiple sclerosis, burns, or a cochlear implant. Like anatomists, physiologists typically specialize in a particular branch of physiology. For example, neurophysiology is the study of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and how these work together to perform functions asJun 15, 2023 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo Lecture Slides: PowerPoint presentations cover key concepts allowing the instructor to illustrate important topics with images, figures, and problems presented throughout the course.

Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole. Some specializations within each of these sciences follow: specific molecules and ions. Even the three-dimensional structure of certain molecules is essential to their function.

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understanding of the physiology that a body structure supports. Imagine, for example, trying to appreciate the unique arrangement of the bones of the human hand if you had no conception of the function of the hand. Fortunately, your understanding of Directional terms are used to describe the relative position of one body part to another. These terms are listed in Table 1.