Vidal, É. A., P. DiMarco & P. Lee, 2006. Effects of starvation and recovery on the survival, growth and RNA/DNA ratio in loliginid squid paralarvae. Aquaculture 260(1): 94–105. Ninio, R. & M. Meekan, 2002. Spatial patterns in benthic communities and the dynamics of a mosaic ecosystem on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 21(1): 95–104. Hörnschemeyer T, Beutel RG, Pasop F: Head structures of Priacma serrata Leconte (Coleoptera, Archostemata) inferred from X-ray tomography. J Morphol. 2002, 252: 298-314. 10.1002/jmor.1107.

Turon, X., M. A. Becerro, M. J. Uriz & J. Llopis, 1996. Small-scale association measures in epibenthic communities as a clue for allelochemical interactions. Oecologia 108(2): 351–360. Nation, J. L., 1983. A new method using hexamethyldisilazane for preparation of soft insect tissues for scanning electron microscopy. Biotechnic & Histochemistry 58(6): 347–351. Each of these reduction bodies consists of an internal mass of amoebocytes, covered externally by a pinacoderm and spicules. These bodies just remain freely floating in the ocean bed or stay near the coral reefs. Pawlik, J. R., L. Steindler, T. P. Henkel, S. Beer & M. Ilan, 2007. Chemical warfare on coral reefs: sponge metabolites differentially affect coral symbiosis in situ. Limnology and Oceanography 52(2): 907–911.The Comply TWS memory foam ear tips are crafted with heavy-duty use in mind. It is capable of preventing debris, earwax, and sweat from penetrating its foam and it is perfectly compatible with earbuds that have 4.8mm to 6.3mm diameter sound port nozzles. Mole, S., 1994. Trade-offs and constraints in plant-herbivore defense theory: a life-history perspective. Oikos 71: 3–12. Aiello, A., E. Fattorusso, S. Magno, M. Menna & M. Pansini, 1991. Steroids of the marine sponge Cinachyra tarentina: isolation of cholest-4-ene-3, 6-dione and (24R)-24-ethylcholest-4-ene-3, 6-dione. Journal of Natural Products 54(1): 281–285. Chen, L.C.; Wu, J.L.; Shiau, C.Y.; Chen, J.Y. Organization and promoter analysis of the zebrafish ( Danio rerio) chemokine gene (CXC-64) promoter. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 2010, 36, 511–521. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Caldarone, E. M., C. Clemmesen, E. Berdalet, T. J. Miller, A. Folkvord, G. Holt, M. Olivar & I. M. Suthers, 2006. Intercalibration of four spectrofluorometric protocols for measuring RNA/DNA ratios in larval and juvenile fish. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 4: 153–163.

Most sponges are monoecious (hermaphrodite), only a few are dioecious (unisexual) in nature. If monoecious, then the same organism can release both sperm and ovum but not at the same time. Frequency range: This lists how broad or narrow the frequencies the headphones can reproduce. At a minimum, they should have a range of at least 20 Hz to 20 kHz. But anything that goes beyond that is better, to avoid sound distortions. Knoll AH: Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth. 2004, Princeton University Press Weissenfels N: Biologie und Mikroskopische Anatomie der Süßwasserschwämme (Spongillidae). 1989, Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag When the sponges produce their sperms, its concentration in the body increases and thus get released into the aquatic environment through the oscula.

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There the sperm nucleus then fuses with the nucleus of ovum, ensuring internal fertilization. Thus, fertilization (cross-fertilization) takes place in the mesohyl. Larval Development Chícharo, A., L. Chícharo, L. Valdés, E. Lopez-Jamar & P. Re, 1998. Estimation of starvation and diet variation of the RNA/DNA ratios in field-caught Sardina pilchardus larvae off the north of Spain. Marine Ecology Progress Series 164: 273–283.

Choanocyte cells by their pumping action trap the sperm cells as they flow through the interior of the organism. It is done in the same way how food is obtained by the choanocytes. Hadas, E., M. Shpigel & M. Ilan, 2009. Particulate organic matter as a food source for a coral reef sponge. Journal of Experimental Biology 212(22): 3643–3650.When the sperms are released to the outside of the sponge body, it freely floats in the surrounding water. Boury-Esnault N: Un phénomène de bourgeonnement externe chez l'éponge Axinella damicornis (Esper). Cah Biol Mar. 1970, 11: 491-496. Animal mitochondrial introns are rare. In sponges and cnidarians they have been found in the cox 1 gene of some spirophorid and homosclerophorid sponges, as well as in the cox 1 and nad 5 genes of some Hexacorallia. Their sporadic distribution has raised a debate as to whether these mobile elements have been vertically or horizontally transmitted among their hosts. The first sponge found to possess a mitochondrial intron was a spirophorid sponge from the Tetillidae family. To better understand the mode of transmission of mitochondrial introns in sponges, we studied cox 1 intron distribution among representatives of this family.