Cahen, Claude (1969). " The Turkish Invasion: The Selchükids." In Setton, K., A History of the Crusades: Volume I. pp. 99–132. France, John (2006). "Antioch, Sieges of (1907–1098)". In The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. pp. 79–81.

Berry, Virginia G. (1969). " Chapter XV. The Second Crusade". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 463–512. La Monte, John L. (1932). Feudal monarchy in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100 to 1291. Monographs of the Medieval academy of America,no. 4. The Medieval academy of America, Cambridge, MA. On 8 October 1240, the English expedition arrived, led by Richard of Cornwall. [153] The force marched to Jaffa, where they completed the negotiations for a truce with Ayyubid leaders begun by Theobald just a few months prior. Richard consented, the new agreement was ratified by Ayyub by 8 February 1241, and prisoners from both sides were released on 13 April. Meanwhile, Richard's forces helped to work on Ascalon's fortifications, which were completed by mid-March 1241. Richard entrusted the new fortress to an imperial representative, and departed for England on 3 May 1241. [154] Halsall, Paul (ed.). " Selected Sources–The Crusades". Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Fordham University. A banner with a variation of the Jerusalem cross was used at the proclamation of the Revolution on Mount Pelion Anthimos Gazis in May 1821 in the Greek War of Independence. [11] [ unreliable source?]Miracle of the True Cross at the Bridge of San Lorenzo, oil painting by Gentile Bellini, 1500; in the Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice. (more)

The Crusade of 1101 was initiated by Paschal II when he learned of the precarious position of the remaining forces in the Holy Land. The host consisted of four separate armies, sometimes regarded as a second wave following the First Crusade. [33] The first army was Lombardy, led by Anselm, archbishop of Milan. They were joined by a force led by Conrad, constable to the German emperor, Henry IV. A second army, the Nivernois, was commanded by William II of Nevers. The third group from northern France was led by Stephen of Blois and Stephen of Burgundy. They were joined by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, now in the service of the emperor. The fourth army was led by William IX of Aquitaine and Welf IV of Bavaria. [34] The Crusaders faced their old enemy Kilij Arslan, and his Seljuk forces first met the Lombard and French contingents in August 1101 at the Battle of Mersivan, with the crusader camp captured. The Nivernois contingent was decimated that same month at Heraclea, with nearly the entire force wiped out, except for the count William and a few of his men. The Aquitainians and Bavarians reached Heraclea in September where again the Crusaders were massacred. The Crusade of 1101 was a total disaster both militarily and politically, showing the Muslims that the Crusaders were not invincible. [35] Establishment of the kingdom After the Siege of Ascalon ended on 22 August 1153 with a Crusader victory, Damascus was taken by Nūr-ad-Din the next year, uniting all of Syria under Zengid rule. In 1156, Baldwin III was forced into a treaty with Nūr-ad-Din, and later entered into an alliance with the Byzantine Empire. On 18 May 1157, Nūr-ad-Din began a siege on the Knights Hospitaller contingent at Banias, with the Grand Master Bertrand de Blanquefort captured. Baldwin III was able to break the siege, only to be ambushed at Jacob's Ford in June. Reinforcements from Antioch and Tripoli were able to relieve the besieged Crusaders, but they were defeated again that month at the Battle of Lake Huleh. In July 1158, the Crusaders were victorious at the Battle of Butaiha Bertrand's captivity lasted until 1159, when emperor Manuel I negotiated an alliance with Nūr-ad-Din against the Seljuks. [86]Murray, Alan V. (2000). The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History, 1099–1125. University of Oxford. ISBN 978-1-900934-03-9. Gibb, Hamilton A. R. (1969). " Zengi and the Fall of Edessa". In Setton, K. A History of the Crusades: Volume I. pp. 449–462.