Fujita, F., Diener, E., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 427–434. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.427. As identification and matching tasks assessed the emotion recognition of five same-face expressions, a repeated-measure ANOVA was conducted with the age groups as a between-subject factor (age 4 to 12 and adults), task (Identification vs. Matching) and emotion (happiness, sadness, anger, surprise versus neutral) as within-subject factors. Frijda, N. H., Ortony, A., Sonnemans, J., & Clore, G. (1992). The complexity of intensity. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Emotion. Review of personality and social psychology (pp. 66–89). Newbury Park: Sage. Roccas, S., Klar, Y., & Liviatan, I. (2006). The paradox of group-based guilt: Modes of national identification, conflict vehemence, and reactions to the in-group’s moral violations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 698–711. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.698.

Based on previous literature, we expected that measures of interoception would show a positive relationship with emotional intensity and arousal, whereas measures of emotional conceptualization would show a positive association with emotional intensity, arousal, and granularity ( Pollatos et al., 2007; Lindquist and Barrett, 2014). Each of the two sessions of the study lasted for about 45 min. In the first session, participants first completed a demographic questionnaire. Thereafter, the description of the ED task was provided. After being informed that the ED task contained very explicit scenes (e.g., mutilations or sex-related contents), participants could choose whether to perform the ED task or not. If they did decide to perform the ED task, the instructions for the task were presented and, after two practice trials, the main task was conducted. Thereafter, the instructions for the DRM were presented followed by the task. If participants decided not to take part in the ED task, they were immediately directed to the DRM task. Multiple regression analysis revealed no association between the factor scores and emotional intensity: Monitoring: t(84) = 0.70, p = 0.48, β = 0.076; Sensibility: t(84) = 0.83, p = 0.41, β = 0.091; Monitoring × Sensibility: t(84) = 0.1, p = 0.91, β = −0.07. Similarly, no association was observed between the factor scores and mean arousal scores: Monitoring: t(84) = 0.21, p = 0.84, β = 0.02; Sensibility: t(84) = 0.13, p = 0.89, β = 0.012; Monitoring × Sensibility: t(84) = 0.44, p = 0.66, β = 0.048. The ability to attribute low intensity emotional expressions mediates, in a complementary manner, the relationship between age and the global emotion expression score.This book is a sequel to the last. The tone of this book is more direct. It focuses a bit more on relationships- both in love and at work. Topics covered include low self-esteem, family conflicts, loneliness, complex work challenges, and what to do in times of emotional crisis. There will also be actionable exercises for you to put theory into practice. The FDT task proved to be well adapted for assessing sensitivity to intensity of emotion expressions in young NT children and adults with DS. However, information about the developmental course of these abilities was rather limited, as the study included only NT children age 4 to 7 years in comparison with adults with DS. Consequently, it is of importance to assess a wider age-range of a NT population. It would allow detecting critical periods for the development of sensitivity to lower intensities of emotion expressions and its relation to the recognition of high intensity basic emotion expressions throughout childhood. Based on a literature review, one could suggest that higher performances in recognition of some basic face emotion expressions could be related to an improvement in the ability to detect more subtle changes in face expressions. In other word, more precise processing of facial expressions is needed to distinguish between emotions that share some physical features (e.g., the mouth for happiness vs. sadness; the eyes for fear vs. surprise), for example. The ability to detect low intensity expression could be seen as one explanatory factor for the improvement in recognition of different face emotion expressions with age. Despite its inclusion in the biosocial theory of BPD and models of emotion dysregulation, ES remains vaguely defined and has no standardized or universally accepted measure or measurement technique [ 9]. This is part of a greater problem affecting emotion regulation literature in general, which is wrought with unclear and blurred working definitions of the various constructs it contains [ 10]. For example, measurement techniques of ES include self-report of ES, intensity and persistence [ 11, 12], assessment of emotional attentional bias [ 13], face-morph tasks of emotion perception and identification accuracy [ 14], and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigations of emotional scenes and facial stimuli (for a review: [ 15]). Furthermore, ES may be assessed indirectly as hypervigilance [ 16] to emotional words in a Stroop task or as a bias for identifying negative emotions in others [ 17]. Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

As the second emotional task, we used an online-adapted version of the DRM ( Barrett et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2017). The DRM was conducted two times on two different days. On each day, participants were asked to recall up to 15 episodes that happened to them the previous day (5 from the previous morning, 5 from the afternoon, and 5 from the evening), leading to up to 30 episodes. For each episode, participants were asked to report when it occurred, what they were doing, where and with whom they were, and the level to which they experienced the following positive and negative emotions: amusement, awe, contentment, excitement, gratitude, happiness, love, pleasure, pride, serenity, anger, boredom, disgust, dissatisfaction, downheartedness, embarrassment, fear, sadness, and fatigue. The responses here were given on a 7-point Likert-scale, ranging from 0 (not at all) to 6 (very much). Procedure These provocative chapters challenge what we think we know about emotional sensitivity, intensity, and giftedness. Combining psychological theories, spiritual wisdom, and practical exercises, it brings you to new ways of thinking about yourself, so you can reclaim your unique empathic and intellectual gifts, and fulfil your creative potential. Schupp, H. T., Cuthbert, B. N., Bradley, M. M., Cacioppo, J. T., Ito, T., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Affective picture processing: The late positive potential is modulated by motivational relevance. Psychophysiology, 37(2), 257–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3720257. A series of questionnaires were selected to measure individual differences in interoception and conceptualization along with psychological well-being and adaptability. Interoception Scales Brehm, J. W., Brummett, B. H., & Harvey, L. (1999). Paradoxical sadness. Motivation and Emotion, 23(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021379317763.You have trouble managing intense emotions, maintaining healthy boundaries, and finding fulfilling relationships. Imi is the founder of Eggshell Therapy - a practice that is dedicated to serving emotionally intense people. Though it is based in London, her work has attracted interest and clients from all around the UK and the world. In the current study, we used a German version of the ICQ that is used for validation of other interoceptive questionnaires 3. Similar to the original validation sample ( Brewer et al., 2016), in the current study, the consistency of the ICQ was rather poor (Cronbach’s α = 0.55), however, we decided to use this scale because of its established construct validity ( Brewer et al., 2016). Interoceptive Accuracy Scale (IAS)