Chrysler TV ad criticized for using gay stereotypes". The Advocate. Here Press. Associated Press. 7 April 2006. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 April 2007. Berkowitz, Alan D. (2004). "Alcohol". In Kimmel, Michael S.; Aronson, Amy (eds.). Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia: Volume 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp.17–18. ISBN 9781576077740. Masculine women have a higher baseline level of male hormones like testosterone. This is reflected in their physiology in several ways.

Mishra, Suman (December 2017). "Looking westwards: Men in transnational men's magazine advertising in India". Global Media and Communication. 13 (3): 249–266. doi: 10.1177/1742766517734254. ISSN 1742-7665. S2CID 149389725. Bible Gateway passage: 1 Kings 2:2 - King James Version". biblegateway.com. Bible Gateway . Retrieved 29 September 2017. West, Candace; Zimmerman, Don H. (1987). "Doing Gender". Gender & Society. 1 (2): 125–151. doi: 10.1177/0891243287001002002. S2CID 220519301.Schwartz, Jonathan P.; Tylka, Tracy L. (April 2008). "Exploring entitlement as a moderator and mediator of the relationship between masculine gender role conflict and men's body esteem". Psychology of Men & Masculinity. 9 (2): 67–81. doi: 10.1037/1524-9220.9.2.67. S2CID 9430583. Pdf.

Africa, Statistics South. "General Household Survey, 2016 | Statistics South Africa" . Retrieved 23 October 2020. Perverse Presentism: The Androgyne, the Tribade, the Female Husband, and Other Pre-Twentieth-Century Genders The concept of masculinity varies historically and culturally. [18] :1–3 Since what constitutes masculinity has varied by time and place, according to Raewyn Connell, it is more appropriate to discuss "masculinities" than a single overarching concept. [19] :185 Antiquity [ edit ] Odysseus, hero of the Odyssey Al-Mutawa, Fajer Saleh (1 January 2016). "Negotiating Muslim masculinity: androgynous spaces within feminized fashion". Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management. 20 (1): 19–33. doi: 10.1108/JFMM-11-2014-0080. ISSN 1361-2026. Second-wave pro-feminism paid greater attention to issues of sexuality, particularly the relationship between homosexual men and hegemonic masculinity. This shift led to increased cooperation between the men's liberation and gay liberation movements developing, in part, because masculinity was understood as a social construct and in response to the universalization of "men" in previous men's movements. Men's-rights activists worked to stop second-wave feminists from influencing the gay-rights movement, promoting hypermasculinity as inherent to gay sexuality. [72]Feminine-looking men tended to come out earlier after being labeled gay by their peers. More likely to face bullying and harassment throughout their lives, [62] they are taunted by derogatory words (such as " sissy") implying feminine qualities. Effeminate, " campy" gay men sometimes use what John R. Ballew called "camp humor", such as referring to one another by female pronouns (according to Ballew, "a funny way of defusing hate directed toward us [gay men]"); however, such humor "can cause us [gay men] to become confused in relation to how we feel about being men". [65] He further stated: Davis, Natalie Z. (Spring–Summer 1976). " "Women's history" in transition: the European case". Feminist Studies. 3 (3–4): 83–103. doi: 10.2307/3177729. JSTOR 3177729. a b Steedman, Carolyn (1992), " Culture, cultural studies and the historians", in Grossberg, Lawrence; Nelson, Cary; Treichler, Paula, eds. (1992). Cultural studies. New York: Routledge. p. 617. ISBN 9780415903455. Grazian, David (2007). "The Girl Hunt: Urban Nightlife and the Performance of Masculinity as Collective Activity". Symbolic Interaction. 30 (2): 221–243. doi: 10.1525/si.2007.30.2.221. At the same time, there are also naturally feminine women who act masculine. They do so strategically to get the benefits of being masculine.

a b c d e Wharton, Amy S. (2005). The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory and Research. John Wiley & Sons. pp.29–31. ISBN 978-1-40-514343-1. Saul, Heather (8 November 2013). "Gay and straight men may have different facial shapes, new study suggests". The Independent . Retrieved 6 March 2015. Their results found that homosexual men were rated as more stereotypically 'masculine' than heterosexual men, which they said undermined stereotypical notions of gay men as more feminine looking. Arrindell, Willem A. (1 October 2005). "Masculine gender role stress". Psychiatric Times. XXII (11): 31. Winegard, Bo M.; Winegard, Ben; Geary, David C. (March 2014). "Eastwood's brawn and Einstein's brain: an evolutionary account of dominance, prestige, and precarious manhood". Review of General Psychology. 18 (1): 34–48. doi: 10.1037/a0036594. S2CID 147382166.

Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, [1] and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors. [1] [2] [3] [4] To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. [2] [3] [4] It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, [5] [6] as anyone can exhibit masculine traits. [7] Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods. Cover, Rob (2014). "Sexual ethics, masculinity and mutual vulnerability: Judith Butler's contribution to an ethics of non-violence". Australian Feminist Studies. 29 (82): 435–451. doi: 10.1080/08164649.2014.967741. S2CID 143116739. Study of the history of masculinity emerged during the 1980s, aided by the fields of women's and (later) gender history. Before women's history was examined, there was a "strict gendering of the public/private divide"; regarding masculinity, this meant little study of how men related to the household, domesticity and family life. [103] Although women's historical role was negated, despite the writing of history by (and primarily about) men, a significant portion of the male experience was missing. This void was questioned during the late 1970s, when women's history began to analyze gender and women. [104] Joan Scott's seminal article, calling for gender studies as an analytical concept to explore society, power and discourse, laid the foundation for this field. [105] Broom, Alex; Tovey, Philip, eds. (2009). Men's health: body, identity, and social context. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470516560. Levtov, Ruti Galia; Barker, Gary; Contreras-Urbina, Manuel; Heilman, Brian; Verma, Ravi (6 November 2014). "Pathways to Gender-equitable Men: Findings from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey in Eight Countries". Men and Masculinities. 17 (5): 467–501. doi: 10.1177/1097184X14558234. S2CID 145452643.