Describe how the concepts of conservation of energy, kinetic energy and potential energy are used extensively in engineering design.

Aspire Health and Wellness. Closed vs Open Kinematic Chain Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TV2CyvmMhRE Describing the nature of the attribute under investigation, including how it was measured and its units of measurement. Vaughn C.L. (1979) A three-dimensional analysis of the forces and torques applied by a golfer during the downswing. Biomechanics VII-B. University Park Press; In this episode you’ll learn about one of the most commonly referred to measurements of the golf swing, the kinematic sequence. Learn from Dr Phil Cheetham, leader in the industry of 3D analysis and kinematics as he explains what it measures, what it means, how it relates to performance, and the story of the development.The Kinematic Sequence analysis might seem complicated at first because it describes so many critical elements of the swing. But those skilled in reading all the details of the Kinematic Sequence graph will practically be able to see the swing just from reading the graph. Dr. Phil Cheetham says that “It’s truly amazing when I look at a kinematic sequence signature graph, I can immediately tell whether that’s a tour pro or an amateur. The signatures are just so consistent.” He is a board member for the World Scientific Congress of Golf and the Titleist Performance Institute. In golf his research publications include; “The X-Factor Stretch”, “The Kinematic Sequence” and a PhD dissertation on “Club Handle Twist Velocity in the Golf Drive”. Phil is also two-time Olympian himself at Montreal (1976), and Moscow (1980), in gymnastics for Australia. He was also three times gymnastics all-around champion of Australia in the 1970’s. In all sports, the distance a ball can realize is directly dependent on speed. Speed relates to the various body segments that exert their individual and collective forces on their end point which reaches the ball. That end point, in the case of golf, is the clubhead at impact. Power, height and ground reactive forces, including torque, are all important factors in achieving maximum distance as well. Golf is a triplanar sport involving transfer of body weight, rotation and many variables in body position. 1 Understanding The Kinetic Link Principle In Golf

A peanut could also transfer its energy to a person who eats it. How much energy could we get from one peanut? The average peanut weighs about 2.5 grams and contains about 60 kilojoules (14 calories) of energy. How much energy is that? If the body was 100% efficient, it would be enough energy for a 65 kg person to climb to the top of a 25-storey building! It would also be enough energy (if you burned the peanut) to raise the temperature of 1 litre of water by 14°C. The peanut, if converted into electrical energy, would power a smartphone (screen on) for about 3 hours. Energy conversion It’s truly amazing when I look at a kinematic sequence signature graph, I can immediately tell whether that’s a tour pro or an amateur. The signatures are just so consistent. Dr Phil Cheetham A full understanding of the Kinematic Sequence will make you a more well-rounded instructor, and you will have a more immediate and lasting impact on your students. So far, students have calculated the mechanical energy when it is either completely potential or kinetic energy. What about when the mechanical energy is composed of both? Assign students to create a table and/or graph (depending on their skill level) showing the potential and kinetic energies of their pendulum at heights of 0, ¼ h, ½ h, ¾ h, and h. (Hint: They already know the values at heights 0 [purely kinetic] and h [purely potential].) The gravitational field strength is different for different places. For example, the gravitational field strength on Earth is 10 N/kg, whereas on the Moon it is 1.6N/kg.Upon downswing, driving the weight bearing force into the trail heel will maximize ground reactive forces, adjust the club path and allow the needed pronation. On the downswing, having slightly more weight on the lead midfoot allows for seamless transfer of weight to the lateral lead foot to prepare for the stability needed for the remainder of the swing. Finally, in my experience, offloading the trail foot rearfoot during follow-through allows the needed hip rotation along with plantarflexion of both the first ray and ankle joint needed for the finish.

Miura K. (2001) Parametric acceleration - the effect of inward pull of the golf club at impact stage. Sports Engineering 4( 2), 75-83 [ Google Scholar] A detailed model of the club was developed to study the energy transfers, conversions, and storage more closely than could be determined from the limited club model contained in the full-body model. This 3D club model has a flexible stepped shaft joined to a rigid club head. The shaft was made up of 15 rigid sub-segments connected by massless 3D beam elements. The mass, inertia, and flexibility properties for the shaft sub-segments were calculated using standard analytical methods. This detailed modeling approach for the golf club agrees with the dynamic modeling methods presented by Friswell and Mottershead ( 1998). Global shaft damping was determined experimentally by fixing the grip end of a club in a cantilever manner, deflecting the club head, and measuring the rate of amplitude decay. This value was assumed to apply to all shaft sub-segments. The rigid club head segment (which includes the hosel section) contains the representative mass, center of gravity (CG) location, and 3x3 inertia tensor. Determination of club head mass and inertia properties was done using either solid modeling techniques described by Oglesby et al. ( 1992) or experimental methods (Johnson, 1994). The body segment reference coordinate systems, established when the subject is standing in the standard anatomical position, places the Z-axis pointing downward with the exception of the feet which point forward parallel to the long axis of the foot segment. The X-axis points outward from the body, and the Y-axis completing a right-handed coordinate system. Joint motions, forces, and torques are of the distal body segment coordinate system relative to the proximal body segment coordinate system. The angular quantities are specified according to the relative body (Euler angle) 1-2-3 Bryant angle convention where alpha motion (α) is about the X-axis, beta motion (ß) is about the Y’- axis, and gamma motion (γ) is about the Z’’-axis. Due to being displayed in this movie on Pepper Pott's desk, many people now recognized it and wanted it for their own desks or homes. Because of this the product is now cemented as one of the top kinetic sculptures in the world.Lampsa M.A. (1975) Maximizing distance of the golf drive: an optimal control study. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, Transactions ASME 97 (Series G), Dec: 362-367 [ Google Scholar] Jorgensen T. (1970). On the dynamics of the swing of a golf club. American Journal of Physics 38( 5), 644-651 [ Google Scholar]

Kane T.R., Likins P.W., Levinson D.A. (1983) Spacecraft dynamics.New York:McGraw-Hill Co [ Google Scholar] Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities.Figure 8 reveals differences among the subjects in the magnitude, shape, and timing of the total output power profiles. Total power is approximately the same until -0.12 seconds which roughly corresponds to the vertical position of the club. The power then peaks at different times prior to impact for each subject. More importantly, the scratch golfer was able to zero his power output at impact resulting in maximum work output. The differences in total power are quite significant as is the balance between angular and linear power components. The arms are more important for generating power than the wrists for all subjects, especially the first two subjects. The angular power peaks prior to the linear power for each subject. Because the wrist joints cannot keep up with the angular speed of the club, they actually retard the angular motion of the club just prior to impact resulting in the straightening of the club and the release of its stored strain energy. The ‘almost’ part is important. If the pendulum could regain all of its original height it would swing forever, but there are small energy losses along the way. If we measure very carefully, we would find that the bending of the string where it is tied at the top would have become slightly warmer because of the fibres of the string rubbing together. Also, because of its speed in swinging through the air, the air would be moving, and some of the kinetic energy of the pendulum would have been transferred to the air. These small energy losses will eventually stop the pendulum, and it will come to rest at position B. A peanut as energy transfer However, in contrast to healthy adults, the stroke survivors were not able to employ muscle activations for normal balance control and normal joint movement coordination that were exhibited during the slow speed gait of healthy adults. Rather, the stroke survivors exhibited compensatory strategies for the swing phase according to residual muscle function available to advance the swing limb. In our stroke survivor sample, there were two compensatory swing phase patterns employed: Stepping Strategy or Circumduction. Johnson S.H. (1994) Experimental determination of inertia ellipsoids. Proceedings of the 1994 World Scientific Congress of Golf, St. Andrews, Scotland: Cochran A.J. andFarrally M.R.. 290-295 [ Google Scholar] Dillman C.J., Lange G.W. (1994) How has biomechanics contributed to the understanding of the golf swing?. Proceedings of the 1994 World Scientific Congress of Golf, St. Andrews, Scotland: Cochran A.J., Farrally M.R.1-13 [ Google Scholar]