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Mbulamoko, Nzenge M. (1991). "Etat des recherches sur le lingala comme groupe linguistique autonome: Contribution aux études sur l'histoire et l'expansion du lingala". Annales Aequatoria. 12: 377–406. I haven’t studied at any of these at all, but if you want to, now you know where to find materials for them. Spoken Lingala (called lingala parlé in French) is the variety mostly used in Lingalaphones' day-to-day lives. It has a full morphological noun prefix system, but the agreement system in the noun phrase is laxer than the literary variety's. There is a five-vowel system and no vowel harmony. Spoken Lingala is largely used in informal functions, and the majority of Lingala songs use spoken Lingala. Modern spoken Lingala is influenced by French; French verbs, for example, may be "lingalized", adding Lingala inflection prefixes and suffixes: "acomprenaki te" or "acomprendraki te" ("he did not understand", using the French word comprendre) instead of classic Lingala "asímbaki ntína te" (literally: "s/he grasped/held the root/cause not"). These French influences are more prevalent in Kinshasa and indicate an erosion of the language as education in French becomes accessible to more of the population. There are pronunciation differences between "Catholic Lingala" and "Protestant Lingala", for example nzala/njala ("hunger").
Mumbanza, mwa Bawele Jérome (1995). "La dynamique sociale et l'épisode colonial: La formation de la société "Bangala" dans l'entre Zaïre-Ubangi". Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines. 29: 351–374. The Lingala language can be divided into several regiolects and sociolects. The major regional varieties are northwestern Lingala, Kinshasa Lingala and Brazzaville Lingala. Weeks, John H. (Jan–Jun 1909). "Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 39: 97–136. doi: 10.2307/2843286. hdl: 2027/umn.31951002029415b. JSTOR 2843286. weeks1909. All the essential grammar and vocabulary that you need to be able to read, write, and speak in Lingala. Qu'attendez-vous ? Rejoignez la communauté de LINGALA Ya Muana Congo et prenez en main votre propre apprentissage dès aujourd'hui🚀.
Lingala is part of the Bantu language family. Lingala Words and Phrases - Greeting and Leave-taking A fresco by Congolese painter Chéri Samba in Matongé, Brussels. The blue text in the middle is in “Lingala” (actually mixed French/Lingala) — “eza” means “is” (short for “ezali”) Harms, Robert W. (1981). River of wealth, river of sorrow: The central Zaire basin in the era of the slave and ivory trade, 1500-1891. Yale University Press.
Bokamba, Eyamba G.; Bokamba, Molingo V. (2004). Tósolola na Lingála: A multidimensional approach to the teaching and learning of Lingála as a foreign language. Madison: NALRC.This is likely due to Lingala’s history as an inter-ethnic lingua franca among different Bantu groups that was promoted under Belgian colonial rule, when Lingala first became the primary language of the armed forces and had a significant role in colonial administration. In practice, the extent of borrowing varies widely with speakers of different regions (commonly among young people), and during different occasions. In terms of phonology, Xhosa also features the Welsh ll sound, a voiced version of that sound, a three-way plain-aspirated-voiced consonant system that’s similar to Wu Chinese, vowel length distinctions, and rising and falling tones. The tones and the long vowels in particular give the language a very pleasant rhythm and cadence, quite different from Swahili or Lingala. Geographic distribution of Lingala speakers, showing regions of native speakers (dark green) and regions where Lingala is spoken by a minority. (light green) Do you want to go from no previous Lingala knowledge - overwhelmed and confused about where to even start - to speaking Lingala on an advanced level, able to seamlessly form complex sentences with great confidence?
The Lingala spoken in Kinshasa shows a vowel shift from /ɔ/ to /o/, leading to the absence of the phoneme /ɔ/ in favor of /o/. The same occurs with /ɛ/ and /e/, leading to just /e/. So in Kinshasa, a native speaker will say mbóte as /ᵐbóte/, compared to the more traditional pronunciation, /ᵐbɔ́tɛ/. The prenasalized stops formed with a nasal followed by a voiceless plosive are allophonic to the voiceless plosives alone in some variations of Lingala.A conjugation of the verb in Lingala that means “to be” will give you a taste for how Lingala grammar works. As you will notice on the following verbs, the subject pronoun is directly attached to the verb. Also, you will note that there is a different prefix for the third person depending on whether the subject being reference is human (one prefix) or else an animal or an object (a different prefix). I even got a chance to speak Lingala with some people at a language exchange event in Brussels! I did not speak it very well, objectively speaking—I managed to say Nayebi te nakoki koloba nini (“I don’t know what I can say”) and a few other basic things — but the Lingala speakers thought it was great.
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