E. Vasilikogiannaki, C. Gryparis, V. Kotzabasaki, I. N. Lykakis and M. Stratakis, Adv. Synth. Catal., 2013, 355, 907 CrossRef CAS PubMed. f) R. V. Jagadeesh, G. Wienhofer, F. A. Westerhaus, A. E. Surkus, M. M. Pohl, H. Junge, K. Junge and M. Beller, Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 10972 RSC; A polymer-bound palladium catalyst was prepared in the form of PdO NPs bound on the surface of polystyrene beads by Min et al. 100 This catalytic system showed good activities in the reduction of nitroarenes and the hydrodehalogenation of aryl halides with 10 mol% PdO and K 3PO 4 (1.5 equiv.) in DMF/cyclohexanol at 110 °C. Soundboard anywhere: Use any Soundboard from a server you’re in, anywhere you have permissions to use them in.

Torres CC, Jimenez VA, Campos CH, Alderete JB, Dinamarca R, Bustamente TM, Pawelec B (2018) Mol Catal 447:21–27 Iron oxide hydroxide catalyst was used for reduction of nitroarenes to anilines with polymer (D113, macroporous weak acidic ion-exchange resin)-supported hydrazine hydrate in refluxing isopropanol by Shi and coworkers. 66 Anilines were obtained in 93 to 99% yields without chlorides and esters being affected. Quantitative reduction of nitroarenes into anilines and nitroalkanes into alkylhydroxylamines by an ammonia borane complex was achieved using a catalyst of gold NPs supported on titania, even at a ppm loading level, by Stratakis and coworkers. 47 Reducible functional groups like benzyl ether, halogen (Cl, Br), ester and nitrile groups remained intact while aldehyde and keto groups got reduced. In the case of 3-nitrostyrene, 10% over-reduction of the double bond was observed. Inert atmosphere is required for this reduction process to avoid formation of minor amounts of azoxyarenes. The authors have proposed a mechanism based on evidence that amines are obtained from hydroxylamines without intervention of nitrosobenzene via gold hydride species. N. Garcia, P. G. Garcia, M. A. Rodriguez, R. Rubio, M. R. Pedrosa, F. J. Arnaiz and R. Sanz, Adv. Synth. Catal., 2012, 354, 321 CrossRef CAS PubMed.Longer Messages: Say how you really feel with an increased character count limit of 4000 characters. M. A. Harrad, B. Boualy, L. Firdoussi, A. Mehdi, C. Santi, S. Giovagnoli, M. Nocchetti and M. Ali, Catal. Commun., 2013, 32, 92 CrossRef CAS PubMed. e) U. Sharma, P. Kumar, N. Kumar, V. Kumar and B. Singh, Adv. Synth. Catal., 2010, 352, 1834 CrossRef CAS PubMed;

Pd( II) phthalocyanine was also used with low catalyst loading up to 1 mol% along with NaBH 4 in EtOH by Verma et al. 38 A magnetically separable gold-nanoparticle catalyst was prepared and it showed excellent activity for chemoselective reduction of nitroarenes with hydrosilanes. 61 Selective reduction of 4-fluoro- and 4-chloronitrobenzene required only 1 mol% Au while 40 mol% was required for complete reduction of 4-bromonitrobenzene, and 4-iodonitrobenzene could not be reduced. Ketone, ester, amide, cyano, alkene, benzyloxy and carbobenzyloxy functional groups survived during nitro reduction. The activity of the catalyst reduced during its reuse but increasing the quantity of reducing agent could compensate for this reduced activity. b) L. Pehlivan, E. Metay, S. Laval, W. Dayoub, P. Demonchaux, G. Mignani and M. Lemaire, Tetrahedron, 2011, 67, 1971 CrossRef CAS PubMed. Hydrogenation of nitroarenes catalyzed by gum acacia-supported Pt colloids with 0.24 mol% catalyst loading in water at r.t. using H 2 at 1 atm is described by Sreedhar et al. 20 This catalytic condition was inert to halogens, aldehydes and ketones with selective reduction of nitro group in 68 to 95% yield. The yields were found to be consistent for 5 cycles with no leaching of metal.a) X. Han and J. Li, Indian J. Chem., Sect. A: Inorg., Bio-inorg., Phys., Theor. Anal. Chem., 2007, 46, 1747 Search PubMed; FMN-dependent ene-reductases and nitroreductases can catalyze or mediate a diverse spectrum of chemical reactions due to the chemical versatility of the flavin cofactor. Nitroreductases have evolved as natural remediation tools in contaminated environments with a major role in the reduction of toxic nitroaromatics. 119 c) B. B. Lohray, S. Baskaran, B. S. Rao, B. Y. Reddy and I. N. Rao, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 4855 CrossRef CAS. M. B. Gawande, A. K. Rathi, P. S. Branco, I. D. Nogueira, A. Velhinho, J. J. Shrikhande, U. U. Indulkar, R. V. Jayaram, C. Ghumman, N. Bundaleski and O. Teodoro, Chem.–Eur. J., 2012, 18, 12628 CrossRef CAS PubMed. a) V. Pandarus, R. Ciriminna, F. Béland and M. Pagliaro, Adv. Synth. Catal., 2011, 353, 1306 CrossRef CAS PubMed;

Palladium NPs immobilized on carbon nanospheres are reported to catalyze reduction of nitroaromatic compounds with 1.36% Pd using hydrazine hydrate in ethanol–water mixture as described by Yu et al. 63a The authors claim that they could selectively reduce the nitro group in the presence of other reducible vinyl and aldehyde groups. It may be noted that no hydrazone product or the alcohol product is reported though hydrazine was used in excess (1 : 10 molar ratio). The low Pd loading (1.36%) also helped to retain halogen in the reduced products. In the case of 3-nitrophenol and 4-methylnitrobenzene, the main byproducts were corresponding azo and azoxy intermediates. Similarly Pd/C was also studied for selective reduction of halogenated nitrobenzenes using hydrazine hydrate under reflux or microwave (MW) conditions by Li and coworkers. 63b H. Min, S. Lee, M. Park, J. Hwang, H. M. Jung and S. Lee, J. Organomet. Chem., 2014, 755, 7 CrossRef CAS PubMed. I. Sorribes, G. Wienhofer, C. Vicent, K. Junge, R. Llusar and M. Beller, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2012, 51, 7794 CrossRef CAS PubMed. d) R. J. Kalbasi, A. A. Nourbakhsh and F. Babaknezhad, Catal. Commun., 2011, 12, 955 CrossRef CAS PubMed;b) A. Dudek, K. Kmak, J. Koopmeiners and M. Keshtgarpour, Lung Cancer, 2006, 51, 89 CrossRef PubMed. Pd NP cores encapsulated within CeO 2 hollow shells were used for thermocatalytic and photocatalytic reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to anilines in water at room temperature by Zhang and Xu. 111 The thermocatalytic method uses NaBH 4 as reducing agent whereas the photocatalytic method uses ammonium oxalate as reducing agent and visible light irradiation. This catalyst showed good selectivity for nitro reduction in the presence of Cl and Br.