Bonkovsky HL, Kane RE, Jones DP, Galinsky RE, Banner B. Acute hepatic and renal toxicity from low doses of acetaminophen in the absence of alcohol abuse or malnutrition - evidence for increased susceptibility to drug toxicity due to cardiopulmonary and renal insufficiency. Hepatology. 1994;19:1141-8.

The colon or large intestine is the last part of the intestines and is principally responsible for absorbing fluid from the intestinal contents. Shoenfeld Y, Shaklai M, Livni E, Pinkhas J. Thrombocytopenia from acetaminophen. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:47. Mannan Oligosaccharide (MOS) – has prebiotic effect in maintaining normal gut flora in dogs, by increasing the populations of non-pathogenic lactobacilli and is effective in the control of pathogenic coli. MOS attracts pathogens to attach to mannose sugars on its surface rather than to the villi lining the intestine. MOS has been demonstrated to enhance local immunity in the gut by stimulating the proliferation of B lymphocytes and IgA production. Safety for pregnant/lactating female dogs has not been mentioned by the manufacturer. No withdrawal side effects. For optimum results feed as per recommended period or your veterinarian’s advice.Probiotic Promax uses an Eu-registered strain of probiotic called Enterococcus faecium E1707 which multiplies rapidly in the intestine, increasing gut acidity and inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria. Inflammation of the large intestine (colitis) is the most common form of digestive upset, and it results in the dog needing to frequently pass small amounts of diarrhoea that often include mucus and sometimes traces of bright red blood. Keaton MR. Acute renal failure in an alcoholic during therapeutic acetaminophen ingestion. South Med J. 1988;81:1163-6. Kumar S, Rex DK. Failure of physicians to recognize acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in chronic alcoholics. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:1189-91.

Montmorillonite clay – helps to absorb extra liquid, coat the gut lining and has excellent adsorbing and coating properties, up to 20 times better than kaolin clay adsorbing pathogens. Montmorillonite has a huge surface area covered in ionic charges which is ideal for coating and protecting the gut mucosa as well as making it a very efficient binder of toxins and pathogens. Common (1% to 10%): Dyspnea, abnormal breath sounds, pulmonary edema, hypoxia, pleural effusion, stridor, wheezing, coughing [ Ref] CardiovascularKaysen GA, Pond SM, Roper MH, Menke DJ, Marrama MA. Combined hepatic and renal injury in alcoholics during therapeutic use of acetaminophen. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145:2019-23. Glutamine – is the most important nutrient for rapidly dividing gut cells such as mucosal immune cells and epithelial enterocytes. It helps in maintaining the integrity of the mucosa and reduce bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Glutamine stimulates both B and T lymphocyte function and increases immunoglobulin synthesis. Doan T, Greenberger PA. Nearly fatal episodes of hypotension, flushing, and dyspnea in a 47- year-old woman. Ann Allergy. 1993;70:439-44. Hartleb M. Do thyroid hormones promote hepatotoxicity to acetaminophen? Am J Gastroenterol. 1994;89:1269-70.