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We adopted these five categories of human pressure of Venter et al. 42 to determine whether there were greater levels of reptile PE in regions under higher human pressure using ANOVA and Tukey’s Honest Significant Differences Test. The use the five categories of human pressure outlined by Venter et al. 42 rather than the 51 fine-scale values for Human Footprint also improves the accuracy (at the expense of precision) of grid cell value assignment when upscaling the spatial data from 1 km x 1 km to 96.5 ×96.5 km resolution to match the species distribution data (Supplementary Fig. 8).

As biodiversity hotspots and concentrations of threatened amphibians, birds and mammals coincide with regions under high human pressure 42, we explored the relationship between concentrations of irreplaceable reptilian diversity and human pressure using a spatially corrected Pearson correlation of reptile PE and Human Footprint values between 0 and 50 across all grid cells containing at least one reptile species. We highlight tetrapod species which are either unassessed or listed as Data Deficient by the IUCN but have a high HITE score. These are species that, due to their high irreplaceability and extremely restricted and human-impacted range, are priorities for conservation assessment. We compared HITE scores for tetrapods across IUCN Red List categories, using ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test, to determine the relationship between HITE scores, data deficiency, and extinction risk across reptiles and all tetrapods. Dutilleul, P., Clifford, P., Richardson, S. & Hemon, D. Modifying the t test for assessing the correlation between two spatial processes. Biometrics 49, 305–314 (1993). Safi, K., Armour-Marshall, K., Baillie, J. E. M. & Isaac, N. J. B. Global patterns of evolutionary distinct and globally endangered amphibians and mammals. PLoS ONE 8, e63582 (2013). To test whether regions of high PE are coincident with high human pressure at greater levels than we would expect if human pressure was distributed randomly across the global distributions of reptiles, we followed Venter et al. 42 by selecting the richest 10% of grid cells for reptilian PE (hereafter‘high value grid cells’) and calculated the proportion of these high value grid cells that are also deemed to be under high or very high human pressure (Human Footprint ≥ 6) 42. We then redistributed observed Human Footprint values at random across all terrestrial grid cells in which reptiles occur and recalculated the proportion of high value grid cells now considered to be under high or very high human pressure. We repeated this randomisation 1000 times to generate a distribution of randomised overlap scores for comparison with the observed proportion of overlap.Here, we present three new metrics, two of which combine human pressure (to measure vulnerability), PD and range size (to measure irreplaceability). (1) Our spatial metric, human-impacted phylogenetic endemism (HIPE), is an extension of standard PE that weighs phylogenetic branches in space in relation to the level of human pressure across the range of each species. We use HIPE to identify high value regions that support irreplaceable reptilian PD. We also develop two species-level metrics. (2) Terminal endemism (TE) weights the unique contribution of each species to global PD—the terminal branch length (TBL)—by its range size. (3) Human-impacted terminal endemism (HITE) extends TE by weighting the TBL of each species by the human pressure across its range. We use HITE to identify priority species with small ranges, heavily impacted by humans, whose conservation would safeguard significant amounts of unique PD. We calculated these metrics for all tetrapod clades globally. Harlan Ford and Billy Mills made the first detailed sighting in 1974 when they claimed to have found several wild boars that had their throats ripped open. They also claimed to have found claw-like footprints that showed webbed feet—one of which Ford managed to make a plaster mold of. The footprint was examined by Louisiana State University experts, as well as the state Wildlife Commission, and was determined to be genuine—although it could not be identified as any known animal. Given the depth of the imprint, the weight of the creature was estimated to be around 181 kilograms (400 lbs). Legends state that the eyes of the beast are reptilian and red, and aside from the web-like feet, it also has a tail and stands at around two meters (7 ft) tall.

http://www.geocities.com/psyop911/irish-times-sympathy-for-the-devil-in-a-land-where-lucifer-reigns.html Jetz, W. & Pyron, R. A. The interplay of past diversification and evolutionary isolation with present imperilment across the amphibian tree of life. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 850–858 (2018).http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/programmes/correspondent/transcripts/1944428.txt We can therefore use the ratio of HIPE to PE for grid cells experiencing the highest level of human pressure (very high; HF ≥ 12) to identify regions where large proportions of the PD present is under very high human pressure. These are represented by grid cells under very high human pressure and where the ratio of HIPE to PE approaches 1, indicating the PD is largely being divided equally among grid cells with very high human pressure. The Western Ghats, large parts of the Caribbean, the Philippines, Japan, and the Mediterranean harbour reptilian PD that is overwhelmingly restricted to regions of very high human pressure (HIPE/PE ratio > 0.9, Fig. 3c). Wes Penre from Oregon claims that his reptilian encounter began when he woke up one night and noticed that the room had suddenly turned icy cold. As he fully awoke, he realized that he couldn’t move and was paralyzed in his bed. Then, Penre noticed an extremely muscular, green humanoid with red eyes in the room with him.

Mishler, B. D. et al. Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity and neo- and paleo-endemism in Australian Acacia. Nat. Commun. 5, 4473 (2014). The goal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. Science and Solutions for a Changing Planet DTP, Grantham Institute, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK PD naturally increases with species richness. However, when we sum the phylogenetic branch lengths for all species in each tetrapod group to estimate total PD, amphibians have the greatest PD of all tetrapod groups (median across the distribution of 100 phylogenetic trees = 130 BY for 7,239 species [93% of described species]) despite comprising fewer species than lepidosaurs (128 BY for 9,557 species [91%]) and birds (85 BY for 9,993 species [91%]). Together, turtles (8.3 BY for 293 species [81%]), crocodilians (0.5 BY for 23 species [96%]) and lepidosaurs comprise 137 BY of reptilian PD across 91% of reptile species. Finally, the 4751 (84%) mammal species in our analyses represent just 47 BY of unique PD (Supplementary Table 2). The distribution of PD values remained similar when we removed species at random from each phylogenetic tree to generate trees with equal proportions of species coverage for all clades (see Methods, Supplementary Table 3).To determine the extent of human pressure on regions of irreplaceable reptilian diversity, we explored the relationship between the Human Footprint index 42 and reptilian PE globally. We find that PE and Human Footprint are positively correlated globally (spatially corrected correlation: r = 0.16, e.d.f. = 514.011, p< 0.001). Regions containing the two highest pressure categories (‘high’ and ‘very high’, with Human Footprint ≥ 6 and ≥ 12, respectively 42) harbour significantly greater amounts of reptilian PE than categories of lower human pressure (Tukey HSD < 0.05).