In 1456, an inquisitorial court reinvestigated Joan's trial and overturned the verdict, declaring that it was tainted by deceit and procedural errors. Joan has been revered as a martyr, and viewed as an obedient daughter of the Roman Catholic Church, an early feminist, and a symbol of freedom and independence. After the French Revolution, she became a national symbol of France. In 1920, Joan of Arc was canonized by the Roman Catholic Church and, two years later, was declared one of the patron saints of France. She is portrayed in numerous cultural works, including literature, music, paintings, sculptures, and theater. Guttenberg, Percy (c. 1924). "Portrait of Sybil Thorndike as St. Joan in George Bernard Shaw's St. Joan" (picture). Digital Collections – Pictures. National Library of Australia . Retrieved 8 November 2012. Bullough, Vern L. (1974). "Transvestites in the Middle Ages". American Journal of Sociology. 79 (6): 1381–1394. doi: 10.1086/225706. JSTOR 2777140. PMID 12862078. S2CID 3466059. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021 . Retrieved 28 December 2021. In 1452, a second inquest into Joan's trial was opened by Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville, papal legate and relative of Charles, and Jean Bréhal, the recently appointed Inquisitor of France, [274] who interviewed about 20 witnesses. [275] The inquest was guided by 27 articles describing how Joan's trial had been biased. [276] Immediately after the inquest, d'Estouteville went to Orléans on 9 June and granted an indulgence to those who participated in the ceremonies in Joan's honor on 8 May commemorating the lifting of the siege. [277]

France, Anatole (1909). Jeanne d'Arc, Maid of Orleans, deliverer of France: Being the Story of her Life, her Achievements, and her Death, as Attested on Oath and Set Forth in the Original Documents. Heinemann. OCLC 862867781. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020 . Retrieved 28 August 2020– via Project Gutenberg. Against the advice of most of his counselors and generals, Charles granted her request, and Joan set off to fend off the Siege of Orléans in March of 1429 dressed in white armor and riding a white horse. After sending off a defiant letter to the enemy, Joan led several French assaults against them, driving the Anglo-Burgundians from their bastion and forcing their retreat across the Loire River. Capture of Joan of Arc O God that madest this beautiful earth, when will it be ready to accept thy saints? How long, O Lord, how long? Criticism [ edit ] Jeanne d'Arc statue at Place des Pyramides, Paris by Emmanuel Frémiet, 1874 Charles VII met Joan for the first time at the Royal Court in Chinon in late February or early March 1429, [77] when she was seventeen [78] and he was twenty-six. [79] She told him that she had come to raise the siege of Orléans and to lead him to Reims for his coronation. [80] They had a private exchange that made a strong impression on Charles; Jean Pasquerel, Joan's confessor, later testified that Joan told him she had reassured the Dauphin that he was Charles VI's son and the legitimate king. [81] Sexsmith, Dennis (1990). "The Radicalization of Joan of Arc: Before and after the French Revoluion". RACAR: Revue d'art canadienne / Canadian Art Review. 17 (2): 125–130. doi: 10.7202/1073071ar. JSTOR 42630458. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022.Barstow, Anne Llewellyn (1985). "Mystical experience as a feminist weapon: Joan of Arc". Women's Studies Quarterly. 13 (2): 26–29. JSTOR 40003571. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022. Less than a decade after her rehabilitation trial, Pope Pius II wrote a brief biography describing her as the maid who saved the kingdom of France. [341] Louis XII commissioned a full-length biography of her around 1500. [342] Pius XI (1922). "Galliam, Ecclesiae filiam"[France, Daughter of the Church]. Acta Apostolicae Sedia (in Latin). 14 (7): 185–187. Fielden, John (July 1957). "Shaw's Saint Joan as Tragedy". Twentieth-Century Literature. Hofstra University. 3 (2): 59–67. doi: 10.2307/441003. JSTOR 441003. Garber, Marjorie B. (1993). Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety. Harper Collins. ISBN 0060975245. OCLC 1151664883.

Boal, Barbara (2005). "The Cao Dai and the Hoa Hao". In Partridge, Christopher (ed.). Introduction to World Religions. Fortress. pp.208–209. ISBN 0800637143. OCLC 58802408. Gray, Tom. "St. Joan May Be Theater's Best Effort". The Atlanta Constitution. October 13, 1965. Retrieved 2018-07-16. Seward, Desmond (1982). The Hundred Years War: The English in France. Atheneum. ISBN 9780689706288. OCLC 1280811695. Gibbons, Rachel (1996). "Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France (1385–1422): The creation of a historical villainess". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 6: 51–73. doi: 10.2307/3679229. JSTOR 3679229. S2CID 162409969.Kelly, Henry Ansgar (1993). "The right to remain silent: Before and after Joan of Arc". Speculum. 68 (4): 992–1026. doi: 10.2307/2865494. JSTOR 2865494. S2CID 162858647. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021 . Retrieved 24 December 2021.