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In the batteries developed by the company, together with researchers at Kyushu University in Fukuoka, Japan, carbon is used for the anode – one of the two electrodes between which flow ions, the charged particles in batteries. Ions move in one direction when the battery is charging and in the other direction when it releases energy to a device. The majority of batteries use graphite as an anode but PJP Eye argues their approach is more sustainable, since they can make anodes using waste cotton from the textile industry. The identification symbol for Jogi women is called ‘Makhhari’. This tattoo is bigger compared to the others. The Makhhari is a big locust drawn on the centre of the forehead. The Jogis believe that tattoos of snakes and scorpions protect them from deadly creatures. The female tattoo artists of Sindh Dr Rafique Wassan is an anthropologist and currently teaches at the anthropology and archaeology department at the University of Sindh, Jamshoro. He explained that anthropologists have cross-culturally studied tattoo-making as body art. Sheer stamina and commitment: accordionist Andreas Borregaard. Photograph: Point of View Photography

Tattooing is a primitive part of the ancient culture and tradition for the women of Sindh’s Hindu communities. The women of Kachhi, Jogi, Mewasi, Rabari, Kolhi, and many other Hindu communities of southern Sindh have kept this art alive for centuries. Unfortunately, however, the custom may not be around for much longer.One of the hurdles, he notes, is that the natural henna molecule is very soluble. When used as a cathode, it gradually dissolves away into a liquid electrolyte. But by combining four henna molecules together and adding in lithium, John explains they were able to make a recyclable material with a crystal structure that is much more robust.

On the flipside, in markets where consumers appear to really care about the sustainability of the products they buy, appropriately sourced alternative battery materials might have more of a chance – whether batteries are made with biowaste-derived carbon or any other potentially more sustainable substance. "The public could play a big role in really pushing that effort forward," suggests Pestana. Rattni’s village does not have any female tattoo artists. Due to this, they have to rely on male tattoo artists from different villages and cities who visit during festivals or specifically to make tattoos. “They charge Rs200-300 from us for each tattoo,” she said. It's very easy to imagine, as a battery material goes through mining and transportation, how that carbon footprint can really add up," says Sam Wilkinson, an analyst at S&P Global Commodity Insights. She is sceptical about using biowaste for carbon anodes because the sources of such waste might not always be very environmentally friendly. A tree plantation that is poorly managed for biodiversity, for example.

The exact process is secret, to be honest with you," says Inketsu Okina, chief intelligence officer at PJP Eye, the Japanese firm that made the battery. He's not joking, either. "The temperature is secret and atmosphere is secret. Pressure is secret," he continues, cagily. The list of materials that could give future batteries their oomph only gets weirder. George John at the City College of New York-CUNY and colleagues have long investigated the potential for quinones, biological pigments found in plants and other organisms, to act as electrodes in batteries. They have even had promising results with a molecule derived from henna – the tattooing dye that comes from Lawsonia inermis, the henna tree. Other researchers are looking at using materials as diverse as corn waste and melon seed shells to generate new types of electrodes for use in batteries. The challenge, however, may be in producing these on a scale that can meet the growing demand of the battery industry.

From seawater to biowaste and natural pigments, there is a long list of potential alternatives in nature that would be much more widely available – the hard part is proving that any of them can realistically compete with the kinds of batteries already on the market, which are seemingly so indispensable in our gadget-strewn world. Grasping the full import of the texts involved was also a challenge in the other theatrical piece of the opening few days. Like the Walshe, Laura Bowler’s Advert, receiving its first performance, is concerned with individuality; in her own words it’s “an exploration of the ‘self’ amid an ever-increasing tribalist society”. Aided and abetted by the six members of the Decoder Ensemble, Bowler is very much the protagonist, recalling memories and snatches of her autobiography in a mix of speech and song. These are conceived as a series of what she calls adverts, which also incorporate texts by other writers, including Sam Redway, Edwina Barvosa and Amy Chua. At one point she dons boxing gloves to spar with a member of the ensemble, while the work ends with her being tattooed onstage by the tattoo artist Julia Rehme, with closeups of the work in progress (an abstract design snaking down her forearm) projected onto a video screen, while Bowler sings an increasingly impassioned chant. Though it’s all a sometimes bewildering clutter of ideas, the sheer energy behind it is irresistible. Rattni explained why it is only women that get tattoos. “Mostly our girls get tattoos on their bodies before marriage. If there is no tattoo on the body of a bride, the in-laws criticise her and call her a camel. It also shows that her parents are very poor, that they could not even make any tattoos on her body. This happened to be the main reason why we started tattooing our girls’ bodies from the age of 10-12 years. If we make tattoos before this age, they would break and dissipate with a growing body, so this is the perfect age to start making tattoos.” Dovrat-Meseritz, Adi (3 September 2008). "Is Israel ready for vegetable juice?". Haaretz . Retrieved 26 March 2012.The study of body arts in anthropology covers a wide range of decorative objects and expressive cultures of aesthetics. For anthropologists, art is not limited to songs and music; tattoos are also part of body decorative art and an expression of culture as a way of life. Anthropologists see the culture of tattoo art through a symbolic approach that holds certain meanings. Every culture has symbols that reflect its customs, traditions and religion.