Rachel Lavien was married on Saint Croix. [17] In 1750, Lavien left her husband and first son before travelling to Saint Kitts, where she met James Hamilton. [17] Hamilton and Lavien moved together to Nevis, her birthplace, where she had inherited a seaside lot in town from her father. [2] While their mother was living, Alexander and James Jr. received individual tutoring [2] and classes in a private school led by a Jewish headmistress. [18] Alexander supplemented his education with a family library of 34 books. [19] Alexander Hamilton CC 1778". Columbia College Alumni Association. December 14, 2016 . Retrieved February 13, 2023. One of the principal sources of revenue Hamilton prevailed upon Congress to approve was an excise tax on whiskey. In his first Tariff Bill in January 1790, Hamilton proposed to raise the three million dollars needed to pay for government operating expenses and interest on domestic and foreign debts by means of an increase on duties on imported wines, distilled spirits, tea, coffee, and domestic spirits. It failed, with Congress complying with most recommendations excluding the excise tax on whiskey. The same year, Madison modified Hamilton's tariff to involve only imported duties; it was passed in September. [133] Notz, William (1926). "Friedrich List in America". American Economic Review. 16 (2): 248–65. JSTOR 1805356. Although there are persistent claims that Hamilton's mother was of mixed race, this is not substantiated by any verifiable evidence. Rachel Faucette was listed as white on tax rolls. [13] [14]

The two-party system began to emerge as political parties coalesced around competing interests. A congressional caucus, led by Madison, Jefferson, and William Branch Giles, began as an opposition group to Hamilton's financial programs. Hamilton and his allies began to call themselves the Federalists. [158] [159] Owens, Mitchell (January 8, 2004). "Surprises in the Family Tree". The New York Times. Appended correction dated January 15, 2004 . Retrieved November 15, 2016. While there have been suggestions that the mother, Rachel Faucett or Fawcett—and therefore Hamilton himself—was of mixed ancestry, it is not an established fact. Main article: 1800 United States presidential election Prior to running for governor of New York, Hamilton's foe Aaron Burr was shut out of President Jefferson's administration and the Democratic-Republican Party. Hamilton's interpretations of the Constitution set forth in The Federalist Papers remain highly influential, as seen in scholarly studies and court decisions. [237] Although the Constitution was ambiguous as to the exact balance of power between national and state governments, Hamilton consistently took the side of greater federal power at the expense of the states. [238] As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton found himself in opposition to then Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who opposed establishing a de facto central bank. Hamilton justified the creation of this bank, and other federal powers, under Congress's constitutional authority to issue currency, regulate interstate commerce, and do anything else that would be "necessary and proper" to enact the provisions of the Constitution. [239] Trees, Andrew S. (2004). The Founding Fathers and the Politics of Character. Princeton University Press. p.169.Long dissatisfied with the Articles of Confederation as too weak to be effective, Hamilton played a major leadership role at the 1786 Annapolis Convention. He drafted its resolution for a constitutional convention, and in doing so brought one step closer to reality his longtime desire to have a more effectual, more financially self-sufficient federal government. [90] Newton (2019), pp. 227–228. "Thus, when Alexander Hamilton arrived in Elizabethtown in October 1772 and moved in with the Livingstons, they lived in this house rented from Jacob De Hart."

Murray, Joseph A. (2007). Alexander Hamilton: America's Forgotten Founder. Algora Publishing. p.74. ISBN 978-0-87586-502-7. Levine, Yitzchok (May 2, 2007). "The Jews of Nevis And Alexander Hamilton". Glimpses into American Jewish History. The Jewish Press. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011.Mitchell, Broadus (1957). Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure (1788–1804), Volume 2. Macmillan. Bailey, Ralph Edward (1933). An American Colossus: The Singular Career of Alexander Hamilton. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. McCraw, Thomas K. (2012). The Founders and Finance: How Hamilton, Gallatin, and Other Immigrants Forged a New Economy. Hamilton argued that developing an industrial economy is impossible without protective tariffs. [140] Among the ways that the government should assist manufacturing, Hamilton argued for government assistance to " infant industries" so they can achieve economies of scale, by levying protective duties on imported foreign goods that were also manufactured in the United States, [141] for withdrawing duties levied on raw materials needed for domestic manufacturing, [95] :277 [141] and pecuniary boundaries. [95] :277 He also called for encouraging immigration for people to better themselves in similar employment opportunities. [141] [142] Congress shelved the report without much debate, except for Madison's objection to Hamilton's formulation of the general welfare clause, which Hamilton construed liberally as a legal basis for his extensive programs. [143] Steward, David O. (2016). Madison's Gift: Five Partnerships That Built America. imon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-8859-7.

Harper, John Lamberton (2004). American Machiavelli: Alexander Hamilton and the Origins of US Foreign Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83485-8. Mitchell, Broadus (1951). "The man who 'discovered' Alexander Hamilton". Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society. 69: 88–115. Martin and Lender, pp. 109, 160: at first for seven years, increased to life after Arnold's treason.During the military build-up of the Quasi-War, and with the strong endorsement of Washington, Adams reluctantly appointed Hamilton a major general of the army. At Washington's insistence, Hamilton was made the senior major general, prompting Continental Army major general Henry Knox to decline the appointment to serve as Hamilton's junior, believing it would be degrading to serve beneath him. [180] [181] Roberts, Warren (2010). A Place In History: Albany In The Age Of Revolution. Albany, NY: Excelsior Editions/State University of New York Press. p.135. ISBN 978-1-4384-3329-5. When France and Britain went to war in early 1793, all four members of the Cabinet were consulted on what to do. They and Washington unanimously agreed to remain neutral, and to have the French ambassador who was raising privateers and mercenaries on American soil, Edmond-Charles Genêt, recalled. [148] :336–41 However, in 1794, policy toward Britain became a major point of contention between the two parties. Hamilton and the Federalists wished for more trade with Britain, the largest trading partner of the newly formed United States. The Republicans saw monarchist Britain as the main threat to republicanism and proposed instead to start a trade war. [95] :327–28

a b Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. "Aaron Burr". Monticello.org. Thomas Jefferson Foundation . Retrieved December 3, 2019. To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 4 April 1783". Founders Online. National Archives. Archived from the original on March 19, 2016 . Retrieved June 25, 2018.

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Ambrose, Douglas; Martin, Robert W.T. (2006). The Many Faces of Alexander Hamilton: The Life & Legacy of America's Most Elusive Founding Father. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-0714-2. Ramsing, Holger Utke (1939). "Alexander Hamilton". Personalhistorisk Tidsskrift (in Danish): 225–70. In 1791, Hamilton, along with Coxe and several entrepreneurs from New York City and Philadelphia formed the Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures, a private industrial corporation. In May 1792, the directors decided to examine the Great Falls of the Passaic River in New Jersey as a possible location for a manufacturing center. On July 4, 1792, the society directors met Philip Schuyler at Abraham Godwin's hotel on the Passaic River, where they led a tour prospecting the area for the national manufactory. It was originally suggested that they dig mile-long trenches and build the factories away from the falls, but Hamilton argued that it would be too costly and laborious. [144] Hamilton argued, "And let me observe that an executive is less dangerous to the liberties of the people when in office during life than for seven years. It may be said this constitutes as an elective monarchy... But by making the executive subject to impeachment, the term 'monarchy' cannot apply..." [100] In his notes of the convention, Madison interpreted Hamilton's proposal as claiming power for the "rich and well born". Madison's perspective all but isolated Hamilton from his fellow delegates and others who felt they did not reflect the ideas of revolution and liberty. [101]