For two years, officials have fought the case vigorously and have denied wrongdoing or a cover-up in court filings and in depositions. They have argued that the restraint was appropriate in light of the safety risk Smith posed to himself or others. The Hogtied category is all about the art of bondage and domination. Here, you'll find videos of women being tied up and forced to submit to their partners' desires. The category features a wide range of content, from soft bondage to hardcore BDSM. Whether you're into rope bondage, handcuffs, or leather restraints, you'll find something to suit your tastes in this category. Vanessa Peoples poses for a portrait with her sons Tamaj (7), Mahjae (6) and Zamari (11 months) outside her home in Aurora, CO, May 13, 2021. Kevin Mohatt/NBC News As a Greensboro music festival wound down in the early hours of Sept. 8, 2018, Marcus Smith approached a group of eight white police officers on traffic duty and ran frantically from officer to officer, begging for help. Subjects were exercised on a bicycle before parameters were measured during recovery in the restraint position. There were statistical changes in O2 sat but thought to be very small and likely not clinically relevant*.

We’v also rounded up a few more cute and comfortable sets of sex cuffs great for beginners and experienced players. I’m a little freaked out by the idea of restraints. How can I make sure my partner and I both stay safe? You can also incorporate the stoplight system (red, yellow and green) to let your partner know what’s good, what you may want to pause and talk about or slow down with and what’s a no-no. This is a great way for feeling out boundaries and comfort levels and keeping communication going. In a full hogtie, the hobble can be tied to varying degrees of tautness, putting pressure on the diaphragm and making it harder for the person to breathe. The U.S. Department of Justice has warned for decades that officers should never tie the handcuffs to a leg or ankle restraint. Twelve experiments measured heart rate as an outcome of positional restraint, four of which applied weight to subjects. All twelve of these studies found no clinically significant increases in heart rate.

That’s how my brother died,” said Kimberly Smith, his younger sister, who watched the video later. “He died like an animal.” Research into the safety of positional restraint emerged in the early 1980s with the examination of “choke holds” leading to their banning by the majority of law enforcement. 1 , 2 Much of the research thereafter focused on the “hog-tie” or “hobble” restraint, also referred to as the prone maximal restraint position (PMRP). In this variation of restraint, the subject is placed in the prone position with arms handcuffed and ankles bound. The knees are then flexed, and the ankles secured to the handcuffs. It had been postulated that positional restraint could in some way affect an individual's ability to properly ventilate. Some have considered that such positioning could obstruct the upper airway or restrict the motion of the chest wall, diaphragm, or abdomen. This idea, coined “positional asphyxia” was first used by Bell et al. who examined 30 cases of asphyxia-related death in a nine-year period in Broward, FL. 3 Their study found that most often, the deceased individuals were found in positions that obstructed the upper airway. Of the thirty, four cases were reportedly found in positions that restricted chest and diaphragm movement, suggesting perhaps the cause of death could have been from hypoventilatory respiratory failure. No other significant contributors to death were found in these subjects. Then-Interim Chief of Police Vanessa Wilson, who is now chief, called the incident "egregious" and fired the officer. Subjects sprinted and then underwent a simulated struggle before being placed in a modified hogtie position.

Subjects were placed in either an upright or prone hobble restraint with significant results corresponding to the prone group. Looks like spirometry results likely clinically irrelevant here.

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The effects of positioning on ventilatory function in healthy subjects were not previously well-understood. Common suggestions of potential phenomena included increased intra-abdominal pressure in the supine position restricting lung expansion, anterior rib pressure restricting lung expansion in the prone position, and positioning affecting ventilation/perfusion zones within the lung itself. In 2000, Vilke examined PFT's in prone, supine, and sitting subjects. He found statistically significant decreases in FVC, FEV1, and MVV, although the results were not shown to be clinically significant. 12 Smith's friends and family were suspicious. Marcus was homeless and struggled with substance abuse, but they knew him as unfailingly polite and upbeat. Nine days after his death, an outreach worker for the homeless wrote Scott and the city council and asked "how such a beautiful life could come to such an abrupt end." The letter requested the public release of body camera video and all pertinent information, and said, "Chief Scott, we need answers." A great chest harness for those looking to accentuate broad chests and shoulders, or downplay breasts. Demonstrated here using a 40ft length of 6mm rope. From there, try kissing your partner on the lips, then slowly moving down, stopping to nibble and tease the nipples.

How to use Hogtie Restraints

The study demonstrated a decline in spirometry performance across several variations of prone positioning, although the values were not considered clinically relevant.

Taylor says creating federal best practices that agencies must follow would improve police interactions with the communities they serve. The feet are a very powerful weapon and the legs are a very powerful weapon, especially if you have someone that is in an excited state,” DeVane said. Additionally, several case reports have been published over the years implicating the “hobble” restraint as a cause of death in restrained individuals. 4, 5, 6, 7 All of the authors of these reports postulated that positional asphyxia in some way played a role in the death of these individuals. It is notable however that the vast majority of these subjects were either agitated, violent, or under the influence of alcohol, cocaine, or other substances. Without sufficient data to support restraint as a primary cause of death, many investigators were concerned about these confounding factors playing a role. They argued that restraint alone may not be sufficient to cause death and it is instead factors such as delirium, agitation, fatigue, drugs, and alcohol that lead to compromise. In the time since, efforts have been made to grow the database, expanding our clinical knowledge of the physiologic effects of restraint on the human body. A comprehensive list of published prospective research is included in Table 1 Kelly has retained counsel, the same lawyer who is representing Elijah McClain’s family in its ongoing suit against the city and city employees. Early on Sept. 8, 2018, Marcus Smith was in distress and asked Greensboro police officers for help. They ended up hogtying him. Greensboro Police DepartmentOthers have suggested that rib fractures could be used as a marker for chest compression asphyxia deaths. 20 Kroll et al. expanded this idea and postulated that a force-generated flail chest could be sufficient enough for death. 21 While previous research focused on velocity-generated flail chest, the authors attempted to develop a model to predict the compression force needed to create flail chest which would be more applicable to a forensic scenario. Using a series of models, the authors predicted that a static force of 2550±250N (260±26kg) would be sufficient to cause a flail chest, which was defined as bilateral fractures of ribs #3–5. In application to the theory of positional asphyxia, it would seem that a significant force would need to be applied to a subject to induce a respiratory compromising flail chest. The model was only based on male subjects in the supine position, although the authors suggested that the prone position may be able to handle even greater weights due to the hinging of the costophrenic angle.