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Increased knowledge of the udder microbiota is an important step in understanding mastitis dynamics, a disease affecting herd health and milk production yields world-wide [ 1]. To date, however, only a few studies have used HTS technologies to determine longitudinal shifts in the bacterial community of milk samples collected from healthy quarters [ 16, 22]. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the temporal changes in the udder microbiota of Norwegian Red cows over 5 months, which encompassed both the early and mid-lactation stages. The bacteria present were identified through amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA genes. During library preparation, amplification in the negative controls were not detected in the qPCR system and it is hence unlikely that the samples suffer from contamination. For that reason, the controls were not included in the data analysis. In an attempt to acquire bacteria from deep within the udder, samples were collected after regular milking. This practice was used to avoid contamination of bacteria from the environment that had entered the teat apex [ 2, 3, 21]. Without invasive methods it is not possible to rid the samples of all contaminants, but Porcellato et al. [ 2] employed this type of sampling technique, and despite finding evidence of some environmental genera in the samples, their relative abundance was lower compared to milk taken from bulk milk tanks. This suggests that employing this sampling technique rids the samples of some of the environmental bacteria that are present in the teat apex. Three to four weeks were chosen as an interval between sample collection. This means that a transient subclinical intramammary infection could be missed as the pathogen could be cleared from the udder before the next sampling. However, no case of mastitis or mastitis treatment was recorded in the Norwegian Cattle Health Recording System through the duration of the experiment for the cows in the study.
Brasesco F, Asgedom D, Sommacal V. Strategic analysis and intervention plan for cow milk and dairy products in the agro-commodities procurement zone of the pilot integrated agro-Industrial Park in central-eastern Oromia, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: FAO; 2019. Aqua (H₂O’s Fancy Name), Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil, Cetearyl Alcohol (Plant-Based Emulsifying Wax), Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice (Aloe Vera), Stearic Acid (Plant-Based Emulsifier), Polysorbate 60 (Food Grade Emulsifier), Oryza Sativa (Rice) Bran Oil, Tocopherol (Natural Vitamin E), Piroctone Olamine (Olamine Salt), Allantoin, P Anisic Acid (Natural Preservative), Coco Caprylate (Coconut-Based Conditioner), Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride (Guar Gum), Hydrolyzed Milk Protein (For Skin Elasticity), Fragrance (Phthalate Free - Oatmeal), Humulus Lupulus (Hops) Extract. Consistent with our findings, previous studies associated dirty barns [ 16, 49], dirty cows [ 16, 56], and soiled udder and teats [ 7, 15, 61] with elevated TBCs in bulk milk. In the present study, season significantly associated with TBC, with higher counts during the wet season than during the dry season. This agrees with previous reports [ 8, 19, 66]. During rainy seasons, the udder and teats of dairy cows are soiled with feces and mud, which increase microbial contamination of milk [ 8]. Premilking udder preparation is essential to produce high-quality milk [ 5]. A teat cleaning procedure that includes wet cleaning followed by manual drying with a towel reduces microbial contamination in milk [ 7, 51]. In this study, herd size did not influence TBC, which agrees with reports from Myanmar [ 56] and the USA [ 17]. The absence of an association between herd size and TBC in this study could be attributed to small differences in the number of cows among the farms.Oikonomou G, Bicalho ML, Meira E, Rossi RE, Foditsch C, Machado VS, Teixeira AGV, Santisteban C, Schukken YH, Bicalho RC. Microbiota of cow’s milk; distinguishing healthy, sub-clinically and clinically diseased quarters. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e85904. Isaac P, Bohl LP, Breser ML, Orellano MS, Conesa A, Ferrero MA, Porporatto C. Commensal coagulase-negative Staphylococcus from the udder of healthy cows inhibits biofilm formation of mastitis-related pathogens. Vet Microbiol. 2017;207:259–66. These are the basis of most treatment regimes. There are two options: intramammary antibiotics, the classic mastitis tube and systemic antibiotics given by the intramuscular or subcutaneous route.
Chambers JV. The microbiology of Milk and Milk products. In: Robinson RK, editor. Dairy microbiology handbook. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2002. p. 39–90.Argudín MÁ, Mendoza MC, Rodicio MR. Food poisoning and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Toxins. 2010;2:1751–73. For some cows no matter how much antibiotic you use the chances of cure are very low. For example a 5-year old cow, treated at 150 days in milk, with a SCC of 2,000,000 cells/mL because of Staph aureus infection has approximately 1% chance of cure. The main reason for failure in these cases is that the antibiotics never reach the bacteria in sufficient concentration. These cows need to be identified and removed from the herd. Treatment will not be economic. Summary
ISO 6888-3:2004. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs — horizontal method for the enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other species) — part 3: detection and MPN technique for low numbers. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2004. Da Costa LB, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Schuenemann GM. Management practices associated with presence of Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk from Ohio dairy herds. J Dairy Sci. 2016;99:1364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9870. Al-Qumber M, Tagg J. Commensal bacilli inhibitory to mastitis pathogens isolated from the udder microbiota of healthy cows. J Appl Microbiol. 2006;101:1152–60. Vairamuthu S, Sinnai J, Nagalingam K. Factors influencing production of hygienic raw milk by small scale dairy producers in selected areas of the Jaffna district, Sri Lanka. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2010;42:357–62.The univariable linear regression analysis showed that age of the farm owner ( P = 0.036), age of the milker ( P = 0.043), barn cleanliness ( P = 0.000), cow cleanliness ( P = 0.000), udder cleanliness ( P = 0.000), milker’s personal hygiene ( P = 0.001), milk utensil hygiene ( P = 0.000), cow shade roof type ( P = 0.245), season ( P = 0.000), smoking of milk containers ( P = 0.241), and the use of warm water for teat washing ( P = 0.003) were significantly associated with TBC. ISO 7218:2007. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs — general requirements and guidance for microbiological examinations. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2007. Moatsou G, Moschopoulou E. Microbiology of raw milk. In: Özer BH, Akdemir-Evrendilek G, editors. Dairy microbiology and biochemistry: recent developments: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC; 2015:1–38.
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