When you’re answering practice questions, pay special attention to the ones you get wrong. Write reflections about why you answered incorrectly and what you need to remember about the right answer. Gain better knowledge through mnemonics The respiratory system helps in gas exchange by taking in oxygen from the air and expelling carbon dioxide from the body. Air enters the nose and mouth and travels through the larynx, or voice box, and trachea, or windpipe. At the lungs, the trachea branches to form two bronchi (singular, bronchus); each bronchus enters one of the lungs. In the lungs the bronchi branch further, forming smaller airways called bronchioles, which further divide many times to form a very large number of small air spaces called alveoli. A comprehensive and integrated range of Anatomical positions and organs concentrated on themes of structure, function, and homeostasis of different body systems. If you keep thinking “It’s all Greek to me,” congratulations on your insight! The truth of the matter is that most of it actually is Greek. So dust off your foreign language learning skills and begin with the basic vocabulary of medical terminology. Connect with concepts

Studying anatomy and physiology involves remembering lists of terms, functions, and processes. You can take just the first letter or two of each word from a list to create an acronym. Occasionally, you can go one step beyond the acronym to a clever little thing called a mnemonic device. Clinical medicine isn’t the subject of this book. Many of the chapters do contain pathophysiology sections, but those sections have no relevant information on patient care. We chose the conditions that we briefly sketch in those sections to demonstrate some characteristic of the system under discussion, especially its interaction with other systems. However, we’re guessing that a large proportion of readers are using this book to supplement instructional material in career training for a clinical environment, so the information throughout the book is slightly slanted in that direction. Anatomy, gross and otherwise Stop reading for a minute. Stand up straight. Look forward. Let your arms hang down at your sides with your palms facing forward. You are now in anatomical position (see Figure 1-1). Whenever you see an anatomical drawing, the body is in this position. Using this position as the standard removes confusion. The test is done and the grades are in. So there was a really tough question or two on the test and you blew it big-time? It’s hardly a missed opportunity — this is where rolling with the punches really pays off. The longer answer to the question of why scientists don’t say what they mean starts with a little chat about jargon. Contrary to the belief of some, jargon is a good thing. Jargon is a set of words and phrases that people who know a lot about a particular subject use to talk together. There’s jargon in every field (scientific or not), every workplace, every town, even every home. Families and close friends almost always use jargon in conversations with one another. Plumbers use jargon to communicate about plumbing. Anatomists and physiologists use jargon and technical terminology, much of which is shared with medicine and other fields of biology, especially human biology.Since the early 1990s, neuroscientists have been using a type of specialized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, called functional MRI (fMRI), to acquire images of the brain. Functional imaging enables scientists to watch a patient’s or research subject’s thoughts as he or she is thinking them! This aspect of medical imaging has profound implications.

Pelvic cavity:Contains the end of the large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs A new, third level of content, designed specially to meet the advanced needs of the sophisticated scholar.Biologists take for granted that human anatomy and physiology evolved from the anatomy and physiology of ancient forms. These scientists base their work on the assumption that every structure and process, no matter how tiny in scope, must somehow contribute to the survival of the individual. So each process — and the structures within which the chemistry and physics of the process actually happen — must help keep the individual alive and meeting the relentless challenges of a continually changing environment. Evolution favors processes that work. The ventral cavity is much larger and contains all the organs not contained in the dorsal cavity. The ventral cavity is divided by the diaphragm into smaller cavities: the thoracic cavity, which contains the heart and lungs, and the abdomino pelvic cavity, which contains the organs of the abdomen and the pelvis. The abdominal organs are the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and most of the intestines. The pelvic cavity contains the reproductive organs, the bladder, the rectum, and the lower portion of the intestines. The integumentary system comprises a network of features that forms the covering of an organism. In humans, the main structure of the system is the skin, or integument. Hair, nails, and a variety of glands also are part of the integumentary system. The body takes a divide-and-conquer approach to completing all of the tasks it must do to sustain life. Each body system has its own role to play, as shown in the table below. System

PartI introduces the basics of human anatomy and physiology: the fundamental concepts of organismal biology and cell biology, some elementary terminology, and some hints about the scope and utility of anatomical and physiological knowledge. Unlike with other sciences, you don’t always have to go to a lab to perform experiments. You may have one, or even a pair, of anatomical structures close by to investigate. You discover some of the body functions that have been happening right under your nose — and in some cases right inside your nose — all your life. Chapter 1 Anatomy and Physiology: The Big Picture In This Chapter It happens time and again in anatomy and physiology: One concept or connection mirrors another yet to be learned. But because you’re focusing so hard on this week’s lesson, you lose sight of the value in the previous month’s lessons. remember.eps Anatomical planes can pass through the body at any angle. The planes are arbitrary for the convenience of anatomists. Don’t expect the structures of the body, and especially the joints, to line up or move along the standard planes and axes. Mapping out your regions Abdominal cavity:Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestines, and most of the large intestineHuman anatomists and physiologists have divided the human body into organ systems, groups of organs that work together to meet a major physiological need. For example, the digestive system is one of the organ systems responsible for obtaining energy from the environment. Other organ systems include the musculoskeletal system, the integument, the nervous system, and on down the list. The chapter structure of this book is based on the definition of organ systems. Level V: The organism level Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines (alimentary canal), and accessory organs (including salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder)