DuVall, Eric (3 December 2016). "Assad's forces retake half of rebel-held Aleppo". United Press International. Hadid, Diaa (2 November 2014). "Assad's Syria Truncated, Battered, but Defiant". Abc News . Retrieved 2 November 2014. b ə ˈ ʃ ɑːr ˌ æ l . ə ˈ s ɑː d, - æ l ˈ æ s æ d/ ⓘ bə- SHAR AL-ə- SAHD, -⁠ al- ASS-ad; Arabic: بَشَارُ الْأَسَّد, romanized: Baššār al-ʾAsad, Levantine pronunciation: [baʃˈʃaːr elˈʔasad]. Assad meets Putin in Moscow as Syrians mark 12 years since anti-regime uprising". France 24. 15 March 2023. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023.

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Mustafa, Wafa (18 May 2023). "Assad's regime took my father. Normalising relations feels like an attempt to rewrite history". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Hadid, Diaa. "Activists Say Assad Supporters Protest in Syria". ABC News. Associated Press . Retrieved 3 October 2014.Jennifer Preston (9 February 2011). "Syria Restores Access to Facebook and YouTube". The New York Times. Makdisi, Marwan (16 July 2014). "Confident Assad launches new term in stronger position". Reuters . Retrieved 15 May 2020. America's gulag: Syrian regime was a 'common destination' for CIA rendition". Al Bawaba. 5 February 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2018. Blair, David (12 December 2014). "EU tries to ground Bashar al-Assad's warplanes by banning fuel supplies". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 . Retrieved 13 December 2014. Coughlin, Con (2023). "5: First Blood". Assad: The Triumph of Tyranny. 6 Briset Street, London EC1M 5NR, UK: Pan Macmillan. pp.80–97. ISBN 978-1-5290-7490-1. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location ( link)

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Hokayem, Emile (24 August 2016). "Assad or We Burn the Country". E-International Relations. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022.Issacharoff, Avi (1 February 2011). "Syria's Assad: Regime strong because of my anti-Israel stance". Haaretz. Tel Aviv . Retrieved 6 February 2012. Highest ranking honour of the Republic of Italy. Revoked by the President of the Republic, Giorgio Napolitano, on 28 September 2012 for "indignity". At the onset of the Syrian revolution, corruption in Syria was endemic, and the country was ranked 129th in the 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index. [194] Since the 1970s, Syria's economy has been dominated by the patronage networks of Ba'ath party elites and Alawite loyalists of Assad family, who established control over Syria's public sectors based on kinship and nepotism. The pervasive nature of corruption had been a source of controversy within the Ba'ath party circles and the wider public; as early as the 1980s. [195] Friedman, Lisa (7 November 2017). "Syria Joins Paris Climate Accord, Leaving Only U.S. Opposed". The New York Times. Levitt, Matthew (2021). The Role of the Islamic State in the Assad Regime's Strategy for Regime Survival: How and Why the Assad Regime Supported the Islamic State (PDF). Washington Institute. pp.723–741. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023.