Bismarck's War: The Franco-Prussian War and the Making of Modern Europe

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In response, the French government imposed a levée en masse (universal conscription) to raise new forces in the provinces, including the Army of the Loire, which surprised and defeated a much smaller Bavarian force at Coulmiers on 9 November, before retaking Orleans. French attempts to exploit this victory ended with defeats at Beaune-la-Rolande (28 November) and Villiers (30 November).

German battleship Bismarck - Wikipedia

Kennedy, Paul M. (1988). The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914. Humanity Books. ISBN 1-57392-301-X.Stern, Fritz (2013). Gold and Iron. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p.139. ISBN 978-0-307-82986-3. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2016. Egerton, George W. (1994). Political Memoir: Essays on the Politics of Memory. Psychology Press. p.14. ISBN 978-0-7146-3471-5. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015. Wawro, Geoffrey (2005). The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–1871. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-61743-7. Svensk Rikskalender (in Swedish), 1881, p.378, archived from the original on 11 June 2011 , retrieved 6 January 2018– via runeberg.org Berghahn, Volker (1994). Imperial Germany, 1871–1914: Economy, Society, Culture and Politics. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-011-3.

Bismarck in World War II - ThoughtCo German Battleship Bismarck in World War II - ThoughtCo

Howard, Michael (1991) [1961]. The Franco-Prussian War: The German invasion of France, 1870–1871 (2nded.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26671-0. Archived from the original on 25 December 2020 . Retrieved 1 July 2015. Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1887. p.146. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019 . Retrieved 21 March 2019. Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen", Hof- und Staats-Handbuch ... Hessen, Darmstadt: Im Verlag der Invalidenanstalt, 1879, pp. 23, 75Clark, Christopher (2009). Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947. Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03196-8. According to a 2019 study, the health insurance legislation caused a substantial reduction in mortality. [113] Accident Insurance Law of 1884 Gerwarth, Robert (2007). "Inventing the Iron Chancellor". History Today. 57 (6): 43–49. , popular history Oldenburg, Staat (1872–1873), "Der Großherzogliche Haus-und Verdienst Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für das Jahr 1872/73, Oldenburg, p. 33, archived from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 19 August 2019 {{ citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) la suite of the 7th (Magdeburg) Cuirassiers "von Seydlitz", 18 October 1868; Colonel-in-chief, 26 April 1894 [165]

The role of Bismarck - Why unification was achieved in - BBC

France mobilized and declared war on July 19. The German states saw France as the aggressor, and—swept up by nationalism and patriotic zeal—they rallied to Prussia’s side and provided troops. A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France, culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan, saw Napoleon III captured and the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated. A Government of National Defense declared the Third Republic in Paris on September 4 and continued the war for another five months; the German forces fought and defeated new French armies in northern France. Following the Siege of Paris, the capital fell on January 28, 1871, and then a revolutionary uprising called the Paris Commune seized power in the capital and held it for two months until it was bloodily suppressed by the regular French army at the end of May 1871.Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 3 September 1866; [179] in Brilliants, 1885 [180]

war changed the map of Europe – so why The Franco-Prussian war changed the map of Europe – so why

Rohwer, J. (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-119-8. Schudel, Matt (28 May 2016). "Jane Fawcett, British code-breaker During World War II, Dies at 95". Washington Post. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871 at Versailles, uniting all scattered parts of Germany except Austria. The Germans also had an unexpected advantage in that Napoleon III was in constant pain from gallstones which, combined with the side-effects of the opium prescribed by his doctors, made him incapable of exercising effective command. As a result, there was no one able to impose a clear overall strategy on the quarrelling French generals.Stern, Fritz (1979). Gold and Iron: Bismark, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-394-74034-8. Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1864, p.53, archived from the original on 18 January 2021 , retrieved 28 December 2020– via Archives de Bruxelles In action, most Garde Mobile units proved to be less effective than the francs-tireurs, irregular forces raised from civilian rifle clubs, who fought a bitter guerrilla campaign as the Prussians advanced into France, ambushing supply columns, destroying vital bridges, and raiding isolated outposts. The efficient German mobilisation, which succeeded in moving 384,000 men with their horses and artillery to their assembly areas within two weeks, is contrasted with the chaotic French system, which left tens of thousands of reservists scattered across France vainly trying to reach their units. Moltke had a two-to-one overall numerical superiority, but at key points his forces outnumbered Napoleon’s armies by an overwhelming four to one.