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Genes contain the instructions to produce specific proteins within cells. However, some genes undergo a process called alternative splicing, where cells selectively combine gene fragments to generate multiple protein variants. This mechanism enhances the complexity and adaptability of our bodies, playing a crucial role in the functioning of living organisms. The number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species; it has been estimated that the human body contains around 37 trillion (3.72×10 13) cells, [12] and more recent studies put this number at around 30 trillion (~36 trillion cells in the male, ~28 trillion in the female). [13] The human brain accounts for around 80 billion of these cells. [14] Hatton et al. provide numbers for most other human organs. [13] Cell types

The 24 papers in this latest BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN) collection detail the exceptionally complex diversity of cells in the human brain and the nonhuman primate brain. The studies identify similarities and differences in how cells are organized and how genes are regulated in the human brain and the nonhuman primate brain. For example: A research team led by Dr. Antonio Zorzano at IRB Barcelona and the UB, Dr. Luca Scorrano at VIMM and the University of Padua and Dr. Deborah Naón, member of both teams, has now revealed the existence of distinct variants of the Mitofusin 2 protein, aptly named ERMIT2 and ERMIN2. These variants are generated through alternative splicing, a process where gene segments called exons are rearranged to generate different proteins from the same DNA sequence. Remarkably, ERMIN2 and ERMIT2, derived from the mitochondrial protein Mitofusin 2, are not located on the mitochondria themselves but instead are found on the endoplasmic reticulum.In complex multicellular organisms, cells specialize into different cell types that are adapted to particular functions. In mammals, major cell types include skin cells, muscle cells, neurons, blood cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, and others. Cell types differ both in appearance and function, yet are genetically identical. Cells are able to be of the same genotype but of different cell type due to the differential expression of the genes they contain. Prokaryotes. Newnes. 1996. ISBN 978-0080984735. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021 . Retrieved November 9, 2020.

Structure of phospholipids. Glycerol phospholipids contain two fatty acids joined to glycerol. The fatty acids may be different from each other and are designated R1 and R2. The third carbon of glycerol is joined to a phosphate group (forming phosphatidic (more...) Components of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids contain purine and pyrimidine bases linked to phosphorylated sugars. A nucleic acid base linked to a sugar alone is a nucleoside. Nucleotides additionally contain one or more phosphate groups. The olfactory system functions as a chemical sensor, detecting food and influencing social behavior. Humans have a lower level of odor development than other mammals, such as rodents. To direct the inspired air toward the nasal epithelial epithelial lining in the upper posterior region, a nasal conchae is attached to the nasal cavity. This area (less than a few centimeters wide) contains more than 100 million olfatory receptor cells. When a molecule interacts with eosinophils, it activates a specific process. In addition to the synaptic specializations, the olfactory bulb is a highly organized structure made up of multiple layers. The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is divided into several small foramina in the middleline by the crista galli, allowing nerve fibers to pass through.The epithelial cells that make up the nose are classified into three types: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. The basal cell (seen in the image below) is a stem cell that gives rise to the olfactory receptor cells.