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Independently from annual rainfall, watering young trees is recommended at least during summer and early autumn. [66] Once established, they resist droughts well. [13] [30] [80] [81] Preservation [ edit ] Dictionnaire universel des plantes, arbres et arbustes de la France: 126. By Pierre-Joseph Buc'hoz. Paris. 1770. Sweet chestnuts are not easy to peel when cold. One kilogram of untainted chestnuts yields about 700 g of shelled chestnuts. [31] Animal fodder and litter [ edit ]

a b c d e f g h i j Postharvest Physiology and Pathology of Chestnuts. In Postharvest Handling and Storage of Chestnuts. By Fabio Mencarelli. Food and Agriculture Organisation United Nations. November 2001. Trees can be found at altitudes between 200 and 1000 m above sea level; [66] some mention between 300 and 750 m altitude, [74] while the famous Hundred Horse Chestnut on Mount Etna stands at 1200 metres. [75] They can tolerate maritime exposure, although growth is reduced. [73] Chestnut trees are of moderate growth rate (for the Chinese chestnut tree) to fast-growing for American and European species. [22] Their mature heights vary from the smallest species of chinkapins, often shrubby, [23] to the giant of past American forests, C. dentata that could reach 60 m. Between these extremes are found the Japanese chestnut ( C. crenata) at 10 m average; [note 1] followed by the Chinese chestnut ( C. mollissima) at about 15 m, then the European chestnut ( C. sativa) around 30 m. [7] It is lovely to see how it is frequented by locals, some of which have been drinking there for years. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)

In 2020, world production of cultivated chestnuts was 2,322 tonnes, led by China with 75% of the total (table). Spain and Bolivia were also significant producers. a b c d Ken Fern. Notes from observations, tasting, etc. at Plants for a Future and on field trips. Cited in Plants for a Future Sacred Chestnut of Istán, 46-foot (14m) circumference, estimated to be between 800 and 1,000 years old. [121]

Other species commonly mistaken for chestnut trees are the chestnut oak ( Quercus prinus) and the American beech ( Fagus grandifolia), [6] [7] both of which are also in the Fagaceae family.

a b c d e f g "University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry, 2005 – This report describes findings from a 2004 nationwide survey of the U.S. chestnut market" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-10 . Retrieved 2008-08-14. Vegetable Tannins. By E.H.W. Rottsieper. The Forestal Land, Timber and Railways Co. Ltd. 1946. Cited in Plants For A Future. a b Fauve-Chamoux, Antoinette (2000). "Chestnuts". Cambridge World History of Food. 1: 359–364. doi: 10.1017/CHOL9780521402149.036. ISBN 9781139058636. Archived from the original on 2015-06-20. Congratulations to Mel & Richard for turning this pub around, it is constantly busy with great cliental. The American Chestnut Tree. By Samuel B. Detwiler. Reprinted from American Forestry, October, 1915. Chattooga Conservancy.

The most frequently occurring pests are the winter moth ( Operophtera brumata) and the mottled umber moth ( Erannis defoliaria). [85] Dr. Evil", the villain from the Austin Powers film series mentioned that his eccentric father would, "... accuse chestnuts of being lazy." As a Belgian boulangerie owner, Dr. Evil's father may have encountered them in a culinary context. C'est le mois – Les marrons glacés synonymes de fêtes de fin d'année". By Marie-Françoise Briand. Article in review n° 110. In French. During the festival, you can taste and buy chestnuts in every form and shape. There are roasted chestnuts, chestnut preserves, chestnut paste, chestnut cakes and pies and, for the connoisseur, marron glacé (a delicately prepared and sweetened chestnut, the bonbon of marron).Ví dụ: Or add flavour at the end in the form of smoked or raw fish, scallops, sliced and marinated beef, Chinese roast pork, finely chopped water chestnut or finely shredded iceberg lettuce. The chestnut fruit has a pointed end with a small tuft at its tip (called "flame" in Italian [11]), and at the other end, a hilum – a pale brown attachment scar. In many varieties, the fruit is flattened on one or two sides. It has two skins. The first one is a hard, shiny, brown outer hull or husk, called the pericarpus; [31] the industry calls this the "peel". [11] Underneath the pericarpus is another, thinner skin, called the pellicle or episperm. [31] The pellicle closely adheres to the seed itself, following the grooves usually present at the surface of the fruit. These grooves are of variable sizes and depths according to the species and variety. Wondering what 2024 will taste like? The guessing ends now. Get the first taste delivered to your door with our exclusive, Discovery Trends Box 2024. In the Whole Foods Market Trends Box, you’ll get a curated assortment of trending products, hand-selected by our experts*. Chestnuts are considered self-sterile, [73] [77] so at least two trees are needed for pollination. [70] Soil requirements [ edit ] The fruit is contained in a spiny (very sharp) cupule 5–11 cm in diameter, also called "bur" or " burr". [28] The burrs are often paired or clustered on the branch [23] and contain one to seven nuts according to the different species, varieties, and cultivars. [1] [2] [29] [30] Around the time the fruits reach maturity, the burrs turn yellow-brown and split open in two or four sections. They can remain on the tree longer than they hold the fruit, but more often achieve complete opening and release the fruits only after having fallen on the ground; opening is partly due to soil humidity. [11]