Grabianowski, Ed (May 29, 2009). "How To Recover Lost Data from Your Hard Drive". HowStuffWorks. pp.5–6. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012 . Retrieved October 24, 2012. Mellor, Chris (September 3, 2019). "Western Digital debuts 18TB and 20TB MAMR disk drives" . Retrieved November 23, 2019. …microwave-assisted magnetic (MAMR) recording technology…sample shipments are due by the end of the year. Hard Drives". escotal.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011 . Retrieved July 16, 2011. Typically, a DSP in the electronics inside the drive takes the raw analog voltages from the read head and uses PRML and Reed–Solomon error correction [131] to decode the data, then sends that data out the standard interface. That DSP also watches the error rate detected by error detection and correction, and performs bad sector remapping, data collection for Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology, and other internal tasks. you want to maximize system stability, HDD performance and overall integrity, receive HDD alert on high temperature or low health

Western Digital Settles Hard-Drive Capacity Lawsuit, Associated Press June 28, 2006". Fox News. March 22, 2001. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019 . Retrieved May 24, 2019. Mellor, Chris (August 28, 2019). "How long before SSDs replace nearline disk drives?" . Retrieved November 15, 2019. Seagate CTO Dr John Morris told analysts that Seagate has built 55,000 HAMR drives and aims to get disks ready for customer sampling by the end of 2020. SSDs offer larger capacities (up to 100TB) [38] than the largest HDD and/or higher storage densities (100TB and 30TB SSDs are housed in 2.5 inch HDD cases but with the same height as a 3.5-inch HDD), [160] [161] [162] [163] [164] although their cost remains prohibitive. HDDs are being superseded by solid-state drives (SSDs) in markets where the higher speed (up to 7 gigabytes per second for M.2 (NGFF) NVMe drives [157] and 2.5 gigabytes per second for PCIe expansion card drives) [158]), ruggedness, and lower power of SSDs are more important than price, since the bit cost of SSDs is four to nine times higher than HDDs. [17] [16] As of 2016 [update], HDDs are reported to have a failure rate of 2–9% per year, while SSDs have fewer failures: 1–3% per year. [159] However, SSDs have more un-correctable data errors than HDDs. [159] LBA Count for Disk Drives Standard (Document LBA1-03)" (PDF). IDEMA. June 15, 2009. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016 . Retrieved February 14, 2016.Rosenthal, David (May 16, 2018). "Longer talk at MSST2018" . Retrieved November 22, 2019. The most recent Seagate roadmap pushes HAMR shipments into 2020, so they are now slipping faster than real-time. Western Digital has given up on HAMR and is promising that Microwave Assisted Magnetic Recording (MAMR) is only a year out. BPM has dropped off both companies' roadmaps. a b "3.5" BarraCuda data sheet" (PDF). Seagate. June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2018 . Retrieved July 28, 2018. Anthony, Sebastian. "Using SMART to accurately predict when a hard drive is about to die". ExtremeTech. Archived from the original on August 31, 2015 . Retrieved August 25, 2015. Shilov, Anton. "Western Digital Reveals 18 TB DC HC550 'EAMR' Hard Drive". www.anandtech.com . Retrieved October 11, 2021. a b "Storage Solutions Guide" (PDF). Seagate. October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2013 . Retrieved June 8, 2013.

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The two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3.5-inch, for desktop computers, and 2.5-inch, primarily for laptops. HDDs are connected to systems by standard interface cables such as PATA (Parallel ATA), SATA (Serial ATA), USB or SAS ( Serial Attached SCSI) cables.

Most HDDs in the early 1980s were sold to PC end users as an external, add-on subsystem. The subsystem was not sold under the drive manufacturer's name but under the subsystem manufacturer's name such as Corvus Systems and Tallgrass Technologies, or under the PC system manufacturer's name such as the Apple ProFile. The IBM PC/XT in 1983 included an internal 10MB HDD, and soon thereafter, internal HDDs proliferated on personal computers. Defragmentation is a procedure used to minimize delay in retrieving data by moving related items to physically proximate areas on the disk. [126] Some computer operating systems perform defragmentation automatically. Although automatic defragmentation is intended to reduce access delays, performance will be temporarily reduced while the procedure is in progress. [127] Development [ edit ] Leading-edge hard disk drive areal densities from 1956 through 2009 compared to Moore's law. By 2016, progress had slowed significantly below the extrapolated density trend. [73] In drive arrays, one drive's failure significantly increases the short-term risk of a second drive failing. Mellor, Chris (July 17, 2018). "Western Digital formats hard disk drive factory as demand spins down". The Register . Retrieved July 21, 2021.

Hayes, Brian. "Terabyte Territory". American Scientist. p.212. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014 . Retrieved September 20, 2014.