a b c Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

Organisms that spend at least part of their lives within the pitchers of Nepenthes species are often called Nepenthes infauna. The most common infaunal species, often representing the top trophic level of the infaunal ecosystem, are many species of mosquito larvae. Other infaunal species include fly and midge larvae, spiders, mites, ants, and even a species of crab ( Geosesarma malayanum). Many of these species specialise to one pitcher plant species and are found nowhere else. These specialists are called nepenthebionts. Others, often associated with but not dependent on Nepenthes species, are called nepenthophiles. Nepenthexenes, on the other hand, are rarely found in the pitchers, but will often appear when putrefaction approaches a certain threshold, attracting fly larvae that would normally not be found in the pitcher infaunal community. The complex ecological relationship between pitcher plants and infauna is not yet fully understood, but the relationship may be mutualistic: the infauna is given shelter, food, or protection, and the plant that harbours the infauna receives expedited breakdown of captured prey, increasing the rate of digestion and keeping harmful bacterial populations repressed. [35] [40] [41] Antimicrobial properties [ edit ]

Killer plant 'eats' great tit at Somerset nursery". BBC News. 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2011. The genus Nepenthes is mostly found within the Malay Archipelago, with the greatest biodiversity found on Borneo, Sumatra, and the Philippines, [28] [29] especially in the Borneo montane rain forests. The full range of the genus includes Madagascar ( N.madagascariensis and N.masoalensis), the Seychelles ( N.pervillei), Sri Lanka ( N.distillatoria), and India ( N.khasiana) in the west to Australia ( N.mirabilis, N.rowanae, N.parvula, and N.tenax) and New Caledonia ( N.vieillardii) in the southeast. Most species are restricted to very small ranges, including some found only on individual mountains. These limited distributions and the inaccessibility of the regions often means some species go decades without being rediscovered in the wild (e.g. N.deaniana, which was rediscovered 100 years after its initial discovery). About 10 species have population distributions larger than a single island or group of smaller islands. Nepenthes mirabilis has the distinction of being the most widely distributed species in the genus, ranging from Indochina and throughout the Malay Archipelago to Australia. [5] [30] [31] Nepenthes distillatoria was again described in 1683, this time by Swedish physician and naturalist Herman Niklas Grim. [49] Grim called it Planta mirabilis destillatoria or the "miraculous distilling plant", and was the first to clearly illustrate a tropical pitcher plant. [15] Three years later, in 1686, English naturalist John Ray quoted Grim as saying: [50] Repotting: For the robust Nepenthes you can repot it every couple of years. Change the soil, and if needed, use a larger pot. Repotting can be done anytime during the year. Poppinga, S.; Koch, K.; Bohn, H.F.; Barthlott, W. (2010). "Comparative and functional morphology of hierarchically structured anti-adhesive surfaces in carnivorous plants and kettle trap flowers". Functional Plant Biology. 37 (10): 952–961. doi: 10.1071/FP10061.

Zahl, P.A. (1964). "Malaysia's Giant Flowers and Insect-trapping Plants". National Geographic. 125 (5): 680–701. Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Beaver, R.A. (1985). "Geographical variation in food web structure in Nepenthes pitcher plants". Ecological Entomology. 10 (3): 241–248. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1985.tb00720.x. S2CID 85082186. Meimberg, H.; Heubl, G. (2006). "Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae". Plant Biology. 8 (6): 831–840. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-924676. PMID 17203435. Nepenthes ( / n ɪ ˈ p ɛ n θ iː z/) is a genus of carnivorous plants, also known as tropical pitcher plants, or monkey cups, in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae. The genus includes about 170 species, [4] and numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids. They are mostly liana-forming plants of the Old World tropics, ranging from South China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines; westward to Madagascar (two species) and the Seychelles (one); southward to Australia (four) and New Caledonia (one); and northward to India (one) and Sri Lanka (one). The greatest diversity occurs on Borneo, Sumatra, and the Philippines, with many endemic species. Many are plants of hot, humid, lowland areas, but the majority are tropical montane plants, receiving warm days but cool to cold, humid nights year round. A few are considered tropical alpine, with cool days and nights near freezing. The name "monkey cups" refers to the fact that monkeys were once thought to drink rainwater from the pitchers.Overall I love the color and size of this cup. I love that the straw is stainless steel and has a soft tip. Osunkoya, O.O.; Daud, S.D.; Di-Giusto, B.; Wimmer, F.L.; Holige, T.M. (2007). "Construction Costs and Physico-chemical Properties of the Assimilatory Organs of Nepenthes Species in Northern Borneo". Annals of Botany. 99 (5): 895–906. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcm023. PMC 2802909. PMID 17452380.

Rottloff, Sandy; Miguel, Sissi; Biteau, Flore; Nisse, Estelle; Hammann, Philippe; Kuhn, Lauriane; Chicher, Johana; Bazile, Vincent; Gaume, Laurence (2016-03-01). "Proteome analysis of digestive fluids in Nepenthes pitchers". Annals of Botany. 117 (3): 479–495. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcw001. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 4765550. PMID 26912512. BPA FREE and light-weight, the bottle can also hold 3 cups of coffee and keeps them hot for 12 hours. You should also consider moving the plant outside once in a while so it can catch and feed on its own prey. This will help improve the general well-being of the plant. Those that don't serve an adequate dormancy period will show signs of weak spring growth, along with a shorter life span.Just like most tropical plants, the monkey cup will thrive better in damp soil. Do not overwater the plant to the extent where it becomes soggy. Ensure your soil has provisions for draining excess water. Broadly speaking, Nepenthes may be divided into two distinct categories. The first are grouped into the ‘lowland’ category, and the second fall within the ‘highland’ category. Riedel, M.; Eichner, A.; Meimberg, H.; Jetter, R. (2007). "Chemical composition of epicuticular wax crystals on the slippery zone in pitchers of five Nepenthes species and hybrids". Planta. 225 (6): 1517–1534. doi: 10.1007/s00425-006-0437-3. PMID 17109149. S2CID 23581314. Understanding what type of carnivorous monkey cup plant you have will be the best and easiest way to meet its needs. For example, lowland and highland pitcher plants require different levels of sunlight to perform well, so always observe your plants to see how they react to certain growing conditions and make necessary adjustments. Light Requirements Mithöfer, Axel (2011-09-01). "Carnivorous pitcher plants: Insights in an old topic". Phytochemistry. Plant-Insect Interactions. 72 (13): 1678–1682. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.024. PMID 21185041.