Tsar Bomba was a modification of an earlier project, RN202, which used a ballistic case of the same size but a very different internal mechanism. [14] A number of published books, even some authored by those involved in product development 602, contain inaccuracies that are replicated elsewhere, [15] including wrongly identifying Tsar Bomba as RDS-202 or RN202. Blast Assailed on Capitol Hill as Soviet Act of Intimidation". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Associated Press. 30 October 1961. p.2 . Retrieved 24 November 2016– via Newspapers.com.

Non-red world deplores test of Soviet Bomb". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 30 October 1961. p.2 – via Newspapers.com. The explosion of Tsar Bomba, according to the classification of nuclear explosions, was an ultra-high-power low-air nuclear explosion. Immediately after the test, several United States politicians condemned the Soviet Union. Prime Minister of Sweden Tage Erlander saw the blast as the Soviets' answer to a personal appeal to halt nuclear testing that he had sent the Soviet leader in the week prior to the blast. [56] The British Foreign Office, Prime Minister of Norway Einar Gerhardsen, Prime Minister of Denmark Viggo Kampmann and others also released statements condemning the blast. Soviet and Chinese radio stations mentioned the US underground nuclear test of a much smaller bomb (possibly the Mink test) carried out the day prior, without mentioning the Tsar Bomba test. [57] Consequences of the test [ edit ] a b Sakharov, Andrei (1990). Memoirs. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 215–225. ISBN 978-0-679-73595-3.Experts began to develop military missiles for warheads (150 Mt and more) that have been redirected for space use:

a b c "Антон Волков. Испытание заряда 50 Мт – "Кузькина мать" ". Archived from the original on 22 October 2009 . Retrieved 10 December 2020. Sakharov was against nuclear proliferation, and played a key role in signing the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty. Sakharov became an advocate of civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union. In 1973 he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize and in 1974 was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975, although he was not allowed to leave the Soviet Union to collect it. His wife Yelena Bonner read his speech at the acceptance ceremony. [ citation needed] Analysis [ edit ] Total destructive radius, superimposed on Paris with the red circle indicating the area of total destruction (radius 35 kilometres [22mi]), and the yellow circle the radius of the fireball (radius 3.5 kilometres [2mi]) After the successful test of the RDS-37, KB-11 employees (Sakharov, Zeldovich, and Dovidenko) performed a preliminary calculation and, on February 2, 1956, they handed over to N.I.Pavlov, a note with the parameters for charges of 150Mt (628PJ) and the possibility of increasing the power to 1 gigaton of TNT (4.2 EJ). [15] [23] Philpott, Tom (24 January 2001). "Cold War heroics of 'Speedlight Delta' crew recognized". Kitsap Sun . Retrieved 7 February 2019. The watch itself looked and felt OK, it was a nice watch. But you better pray you don't have to deal with their customer service in any way, shape or form.Buying a ceramic watch for the first time, it won’t be the last. I love this matte texture, the quality is very good. They also gifted me a watch strap, which is very soft. If the full score is 10, I will give 100 points, I have become a fan of this store, 100% recommended! Wares Montero a b c d e The yield of the test has been estimated at 50 to 58 Mt (210 to 240 PJ) by different sources over time. Today all Russian sources use 50 Mt as the official figure. See the section "Was it 50Megatons or 57?" at "The Tsar Bomba ("King of Bombs")" . Retrieved 30 October 2014. The creation and testing of a superbomb were of great political importance; the Soviet Union demonstrated its potential in creating a nuclear arsenal of great power (at that time, the most powerful thermonuclear charge tested by the United States was 15 Mt, or Castle Bravo). After the Tsar Bomba test, the United States did not increase the power of its own thermonuclear tests and, in 1963 in Moscow, the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water was signed. [15] The Tsar Bomba is the single most physically powerful device ever deployed on Earth, the most powerful nuclear bomb tested and the largest human-made explosion in history. [63] For comparison, the largest weapon ever produced by the US, the now-decommissioned B41, had a predicted maximum yield of 25Mt (100PJ). The largest nuclear device ever tested by the US ( Castle Bravo) yielded 15Mt (63PJ) because of an unexpectedly-high involvement of lithium-7 in the fusion reaction; the preliminary prediction for the yield was from 4 to 6Mt (17 to 25PJ). The largest weapons deployed by the Soviet Union were also around 25Mt (100PJ) (e.g., the SS-18 Mod.3 warhead). [2]

Unofficially, the bomb would later become known as "Tsar Bomba" and " Kuzka's mother" ( Кузькина мать, Kuz'kina mat'). The name Tsar Bomba (loosely translated as Emperor of Bombs) comes from an allusion to two other Russian historical artifacts, the Tsar Cannon and the Tsar Bell, both of which were created as showpieces but whose large size made them impractical for actual use. The name "Tsar Bomba" does not seem to have been used for the weapon prior to the 1990s. [6] The name "Kuzka's Mother" was inspired by the statement of Khrushchev to then US Vice President Richard Nixon: "We have funds at our disposal that will have dire consequences for you. We will show you Kuzka's mother!" [20] [21] Despite the creation of the Tu-95V bomb-carrier aircraft, the test of the Tsar Bomba was postponed for political reasons: namely, Khrushchev's visit to the United States and a pause in the Cold War. The Tu-95V during this period was flown to Uzyn, in today's Ukraine, and was used as a training aircraft; therefore, it was no longer listed as a combat aircraft. With the beginning of a new round of the Cold War in 1961, the test was resumed. The Tu-95V had all connectors in its automatic release mechanism replaced, the bomb bay doors removed and the aircraft itself covered with a special, reflective white paint. Footage from a Soviet documentary about the bomb is featured in Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie (Visual Concept Entertainment, 1995), where it is referred to as the Russian monster bomb. [67] The video states that the Tsar Bomba project broke the voluntary moratorium on nuclear tests. In fact, the Soviets restarted their tests and broke the unilateral voluntary moratorium 30days before Tsar Bomba, testing 45times in that month. Since the moratorium was unilateral there was no multilateral legal obstacle. The US had declared their own one-year unilateral moratorium on nuclear tests and, as that year had expired, the US had already announced that it considered itself free to resume testing without further notice. Later, it was stated that the US had not resumed testing at the time of the Tsar Bomba test. [68] That announcement was in error, as the US had in fact tested five times under Operation Nougat between the USSR's ending of the moratorium on 1October and the Tsar Bomba test on 30October. Comrades Boris Vannikov and Kurchatov are assigned to edit the final version of this resolution. Product 602 [ edit ]At the second stage of development, from 1960 to a successful test in 1961, the bomb was called "item 602" and was developed at KB-11 (VNIIEF), V.B.Adamsky was developing, [22] and besides him, the physical scheme was developed by Andrei Sakharov, Yu.N.Babaev, Yu.N.Smirnov, Yu.A.Trutnev. [15] Product 202 [ edit ] The initial three-stage design of Tsar Bomba was capable of yielding approximately 100 Mt through fast fission (3,000times the power of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs); [38] however, it was thought that this would have resulted in too much nuclear fallout, and the aircraft delivering the bomb would not have had enough time to escape the explosion. To limit the amount of fallout, the third stage and possibly the second stage had a lead tamper instead of a uranium-238 fusion tamper (which greatly amplifies the fusion reaction by fissioning uranium atoms with fast neutrons from the fusion reaction). This eliminated fast fission by the fusion-stage neutrons so that approximately 97% of the total yield resulted from thermonuclear fusion alone (as such, it was one of the "cleanest" nuclear bombs ever created, generating a very low amount of fallout relative to its yield). [39] There was a strong incentive for this modification, since most of the fallout from a test of the bomb would probably have descended on populated Soviet territory. [32] [40] Most models feature a double bridge ergonomic design. Each case has undergone over 200 processes to make the watch more suitable for the human wrist, significantly improving its wearing comfort. The simple and robust luxury visual brings out the best in masculine style. Sapphire Mirror Tsar Bomba takes inspiration from mechanical artworks and offers a subtle interpretation of watchmaking craftsmanship. TSAR BOMBA watches are three-dimensional sculptures that express extraordinary aesthetics. The watchmaker pays special attention to details, reflected in every line and component. This true craftsmanship gives each piece an incomparable dazzling charm.