At road.cc every product is thoroughly tested for as long as it takes to get a proper insight into how well it works. Pearlman M, Obert J, Casey L. The association between artificial sweeteners and obesity. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017;19(12):64. doi:10.1007/s11894-017-0602-9

J. Zheng, P. Yan, R. Cao, H. Xiang, M. H. Engelhard, B. J. Polzin, C. Wang, J. G. Zhang and W. Xu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8, 5715–5722 CrossRef CAS PubMed. Exclusive flavours that give you even more variety. Including the warmth and comfort of Apple of Cinnamon, the fruity and tropical Mango, the zing and excitement of Mojito, and the super sweet and refreshing Strawberry and Kiwi. The flavours are big, they’re bold and you can’t find them anywhere else. K. Chen, Z. Yu, S. Deng, Q. Wu, J. Zou and X. Zeng, J. Power Sources, 2015, 278, 411–419 CrossRef CAS. A. Ehrl, J. Landesfeind, W. A. Wall and H. A. Gasteiger, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2017, 164, A826–A836 CrossRef CAS.Nutrition: Our nutrition editors analyzed each product based on quality of ingredients, amount of electrolytes (particularly sodium, potassium and magnesium), and other nutrients added. Then they were rated in the context of their intended use, either for exercise or non-exercise settings. We also considered third-party testing and associated certifications.

While the majority of literature has focused on fast charging at ambient temperatures (>20 °C), there have still been numerous studies characterizing Li plating on graphite during low-temperature operation. Electrochemical methods have been used to detect when Li plating has occurred at low temperature, including observation of a stripping plateau during discharge of spiral-rolled, 3-electrode LIBs (300–400 mA h, Gr‖NCO‖Li Ref.) operated at −40 °C ( Fig. 7b), 48 along with d V/d Q analysis of discharge curves for LIBs (2.5 A h, 26 650 cylindrical Gr‖LFP) cycled at temperatures down to −30 °C. 14,49 The latter technique relies on the presence of the stripping plateau seen in the former. These d V/d Q studies also reveal an impedance rise after low-temperature charging, which the authors attributed to SEI growth from Li metal reacting with the electrolyte. This reaction of plated Li with the electrolyte is also noted by Ng et al. as the primary culprit for significant gas formation in their LIBs (50 A h, Gr‖NMC 532 prismatic) cycled at −29 °C. This gas formation was shown to cause detrimental additional stresses on the electrodes, leading to eventual cell failure. 50 M.-T. F. Rodrigues, G. Babu, H. Gullapalli, K. Kalaga, F. N. Sayed, K. Kato, J. Joyner and P. M. Ajayan, Nat. Energy, 2017, 2, 17108 CrossRef CAS. Y. Ein-Eli, S. R. Thomas, R. Chadha, T. J. Blakley and V. R. Koch, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1997, 144, 823 CrossRef CAS.Fig. 15 (a–c) Cycling performance of Si nanoflake powder half-cells containing various electrolytes at varying temperatures. The base electrolyte was 1 M LiPF 6 in EC/DEC 1 : 1 v/v, with 10 wt% “additive” compounds as indicated. FEC appears to offer the best trade-off between high-temperature stability and low-temperature discharge capacity. (d and e) 10th cycle charge and discharge curves for the above cells at different temperatures. While VC-added electrolyte produces the best capacity (by a small amount) at 25 °C and 60 °C, it creates extreme polarization in the cell at −5 °C. Both FEC and VC additives appear to increase cell resistance at sub-zero conditions relative to the base electrolyte. Reprinted from ref. 93 with permission from Elsevier. Room-temperature ionic liquids. Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs or simply ILs) are a diverse group of materials widely studied for their unique physical, electrochemical and solvency properties. Many ILs have been proposed as components of LIB electrolytes, especially for improved safety and cyclability at high temperatures. However, in general, their high viscosities/melting points and poor wettability with commercial separators require that they be blended with organic solvents to achieve reasonable performance below 0 °C. For instance, Xiang and coworkers investigated electrolytes containing 0.1–0.4 mol kg −1 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in N-methyl- N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PP 13TFSI) in Li‖LiCoO 2 half cells. 112 While this system performed quite well at room temperature and C/10 rate (137 mA h g −1 by cathode active weight), capacity dropped to 119 mA h g −1 at only 10 °C, and the cell became inoperable at lower temperatures due to freezing of the electrolyte. Addition of only 20 wt% DEC to the ionic liquid, however, reduced the liquidus temperature to −19 °C, while 40 wt% DEC suppressed crystallization altogether. All electrolytes were confirmed to be non-flammable. The 4 : 1 PP 13TFSI : DEC blend with 0.4 mol kg −1 LiTFSI allowed Li‖LiCoO 2 half cells to operate at −10 °C with 102 mA h g −1 capacity at C/10 rate – 72% of its room-temperature value.