Marching Powder

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In 2008, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction reports that the typical retail price of cocaine varied between €50 and €75 per gram in most European countries, although Cyprus, Romania, Sweden, and Turkey reported much higher values. [217] Consumption In 2011, Rusty co-founded the Colombian Children’s Foundation of Australia, which helps rehabilitate and resocialise former child soldiers. Currently, his house in Bogotá is the charity’s headquarters. Ten percent of his royalties of Colombiano will go to the foundation, which has almost 200 former child soldiers under care. Boles SM, Miotto K (March–April 2003). "Substance abuse and violence: A review of the literature". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 8 (2): 155–174. doi: 10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00057-X. InterAndean Institute of Coca Sciences". www.cienciadelacoca.org. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. The production, distribution, and sale of cocaine products is restricted (and illegal in most contexts) in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the 1970 Controlled Substances Act.

Hummel M, Unterwald EM (April 2002). "D1 dopamine receptor: a putative neurochemical and behavioral link to cocaine action". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 191 (1): 17–27. doi: 10.1002/jcp.10078. PMID 11920678. S2CID 40444893. a b Tega Y, Tabata H, Kurosawa T, Kitamura A, Itagaki F, Oshitari T, Deguchi Y (January 2021). "Structural Requirements for Uptake of Diphenhydramine Analogs into hCMEC/D3 Cells Via the Proton-Coupled Organic Cation Antiporter". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 110 (1): 397–403. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.001. PMID 32898521. Proebstl L, Kamp F, Manz K, Krause D, Adorjan K, Pogarell O, etal. (June 2019). "Effects of stimulant drug use on the dopaminergic system: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo neuroimaging studies". European Psychiatry. 59: 15–24. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.003. PMID 30981746. The reduction of tropinone is mediated by NADPH-dependent reductase enzymes, which have been characterized in multiple plant species. [142] These plant species all contain two types of the reductase enzymes, tropinone reductase I and tropinone reductase II. TRI produces tropine and TRII produces pseudotropine. Due to differing kinetic and pH/activity characteristics of the enzymes and by the 25-fold higher activity of TRI over TRII, the majority of the tropinone reduction is from TRI to form tropine. [143] Reduction of tropinone GMO synthesis Research Rusty Young Hi Darcy, it's officially fiction but based on 7 years I spent in Colombian conducting interviews with dozens of child soldiers and people from all si …more Hi Darcy, it's officially fiction but based on 7 years I spent in Colombian conducting interviews with dozens of child soldiers and people from all sides of the civil war. Here's a newspiece that explains the research:In 1995 the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) announced in a press release the publication of the results of the largest global study on cocaine use ever undertaken. An American representative in the World Health Assembly banned the publication of the study, because it seemed to make a case for the positive uses of cocaine. An excerpt of the report strongly conflicted with accepted paradigms, for example, "that occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems." In the sixth meeting of the B committee, the US representative threatened that "If World Health Organization activities relating to drugs failed to reinforce proven drug control approaches, funds for the relevant programs should be curtailed". This led to the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study was recuperated and published in 2010, including profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries, but are unavailable as of 2015 [update]. [189]

InChI=1S/C17H21NO4/c1-18-12-8-9-13(18)15(17(20)21-2)14(10-12)22-16(19)11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,12-15H,8-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15+/m0/s1 Y As the name implies, "freebase" is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form. It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water-soluble. TA-CD is an active vaccine [157] developed by the Xenova Group which is used to negate the effects of cocaine, making it suitable for use in treatment of addiction. It is created by combining norcocaine with inactivated cholera toxin. Introduction to Pharmacology (3ed.). Abingdon: CRC Press. 2007. pp.222–223. ISBN 978-1-4200-4742-4. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.

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Opioid involvement in cocaine overdose deaths in the US. The pale green line is cocaine without any opioid (bottom line in 2017). The yellow line is cocaine and synthetic opioids other than methadone (top line in 2017). [62] Indigenous peoples of South America have chewed the leaves of Erythroxylon coca — a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids, including cocaine — for over a thousand years. [158] The coca leaf was, and still is, chewed almost universally by some indigenous communities. The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks, indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing. [159] There is also evidence that these cultures used a mixture of coca leaves and saliva as an anesthetic for the performance of trepanation. [160]

a b Niemann A (1860). "Ueber eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern". Archiv der Pharmazie. 153 (2 and 3): 129–155, 291–308. doi: 10.1002/ardp.18601530202. S2CID 98195820. Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204.

There are also warnings about the threat of breastfeeding: The March of Dimes said "it is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk," and advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy: Usage is particularly prevalent among this demographic: 4% to 7% of males have used cocaine in the last year in Spain, Denmark, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The ratio of male to female users is approximately 3.8:1, but this statistic varies from 1:1 to 13:1 depending on country. [152]