Smoking is the most common preventable cause of death in the United States. Smoking causes damage to almost every organ in the body and increases the risk of severe health problems, including heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer. a b c d e National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking Health (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General, Chapter 5 - Nicotine. Surgeon General of the United States. pp.107–138. PMID 24455788.

Nicotine free ELF BAR Nicotine free ELF BAR

a b c D'Souza MS, Markou A (July 2011). "Neuronal mechanisms underlying development of nicotine dependence: implications for novel smoking-cessation treatments". Addiction Science & Clinical Practice. 6 (1): 4–16. PMC 3188825. PMID 22003417. Withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of nicotine intake: Chronic nicotine use induces neuroadaptations in the brain's reward system that result in the development of nicotine dependence. Thus, nicotine-dependent smokers must continue nicotine intake to avoid distressing somatic and affective withdrawal symptoms. Newly abstinent smokers experience symptoms such as depressed mood, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating, craving, bradycardia, insomnia, gastrointestinal discomfort, and weight gain (Shiffman and Jarvik, 1976; Hughes et al., 1991). Experimental animals, such as rats and mice, exhibit a nicotine withdrawal syndrome that, like the human syndrome, includes both somatic signs and a negative affective state (Watkins et al., 2000; Malin et al., 2006). The somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal include rearing, jumping, shakes, abdominal constrictions, chewing, scratching, and facial tremors. The negative affective state of nicotine withdrawal is characterized by decreased responsiveness to previously rewarding stimuli, a state called anhedonia. a b c d Landoni JH. "Nicotine (PIM)". INCHEM. International Programme on Chemical Safety . Retrieved 29 January 2019. England LJ, Bunnell RE, Pechacek TF, Tong VT, McAfee TA (August 2015). "Nicotine and the Developing Human: A Neglected Element in the Electronic Cigarette Debate". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 49 (2): 286–293. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015. PMC 4594223. PMID 25794473. The amount of nicotine absorbed by the body from smoking can depend on many factors, including the types of tobacco, whether the smoke is inhaled, and whether a filter is used. However, it has been found that the nicotine yield of individual products has only a small effect (4.4%) on the blood concentration of nicotine, [145] suggesting "the assumed health advantage of switching to lower-tar and lower-nicotine cigarettes may be largely offset by the tendency of smokers to compensate by increasing inhalation". It's not clear exactly how it works, but it's thought to have an effect on the parts of the brain involved in addictive behaviour.The nicotine content of popular American-brand cigarettes has increased over time, and one study found that there was an average increase of 1.78% per year between the years of 1998 and 2005. [186]

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Speak to your GP or NHS stop smoking adviser who will be able to recommend an alternative treatment. E-cigarettes Dugas EN, Sylvestre MP, O'Loughlin EK, Brunet J, Kakinami L, Constantin E, O'Loughlin J (February 2017). "Nicotine dependence and sleep quality in young adults". Addictive Behaviors. 65: 154–160. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.10.020. PMID 27816041. a b "Does nicotine cause cancer?". European Code Against Cancer. World Health Organization– International Agency for Research on Cancer . Retrieved 23 January 2019. a b c Ujváry I (1999). "Nicotine and Other Insecticidal Alkaloids". In Yamamoto I, Casida J (eds.). Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag. pp.29–69. Nicotine is chiral and hence optically active, having two enantiomeric forms. The naturally occurring form of nicotine is levorotatory with a specific rotation of [α] D=–166.4° ((−)-nicotine). The dextrorotatory form, (+)-nicotine is physiologically less active than (−)-nicotine. (−)-nicotine is more toxic than (+)-nicotine. [156] The salts of (−)-nicotine are usually dextrorotatory; this conversion between levorotatory and dextrorotatory upon protonation is common among alkaloids. [155] The hydrochloride and sulfate salts become optically inactive if heated in a closed vessel above 180°C. [155] Anabasine is a structural isomer of nicotine, as both compounds have the molecular formula C 10 H 14 N 2.Nicotine also activates the sympathetic nervous system, [140] acting via splanchnic nerves to the adrenal medulla, stimulating the release of epinephrine. Acetylcholine released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers of these nerves acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing the release of epinephrine (and norepinephrine) into the bloodstream. A photoactivatable form of nicotine, which releases nicotine when exposed to ultraviolet light with certain conditions, has been developed for studying nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in brain tissue. [200] Oral health [ edit ]