The theory that the savannah was expanding due to increasingly arid conditions, which then drove hominin adaptation. turnover pulse hypothesis A jawbone found inside a collapsed cave on the slopes of Mount Carmel, Israel, reveals that modern humans dwelt there, alongside the Mediterranean, some 177,000 to 194,000 years ago. Not only are the jaw and teeth from Misliya Cave unambiguously similar to those seen in modern humans, they were found with sophisticated handaxes and flint tools.

The origin of our species | Natural History Museum

All diploblasts possess epithelia, nerves, muscles and connective tissue and mouths, and except for placozoans, have some form of symmetry, with their ancestors probably having radial symmetry like that of cnidarians. Diploblasts separated their early embryonic cells into two germ layers ( ecto- and endoderm). Photoreceptive eye-spots evolve. Skeletal structure of humans and other primates. A comparison of the skeletal structures of gibbons, humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. Homo antecessor may be a common ancestor of humans and Neanderthals. [39] [40] At present estimate, humans have approximately 20,000–25,000 genes and share 99% of their DNA with the now extinct Neanderthal [41] and 95–99% of their DNA with their closest living evolutionary relative, the chimpanzees. [42] [43] The human variant of the FOXP2 gene (linked to the control of speech) has been found to be identical in Neanderthals. [44]Larger brain size, also called encephalization, began in early humans with Homo habilis and continued through the Neanderthal line (capacity of 1,200 – 1,900 cm3). The ability of the human brain to continue to grow after birth meant that social learning and language were possible. It is possible that a focus on eating meat, and cooking, allowed for brain growth. Modern humans have a brain volume of 1250 cm3. Discoveries of remains of earliest ancestors and races give an idea of the process of human evolution. The major forms, as recorded until date, are as follows: The remains of the transitional man were discovered in the Pleistocene bed of East Africa. They were the makers of crudely chipped stone tools. This species of the human race represents an intermediate stage between the Australopithecus and Pithecanthropus erectus. The mean capacity of the brain was 680 c.c. Richard E. Green; Krause, J.; Briggs, A.W.; Maricic, T.; Stenzel, U.; Kircher, M.; Patterson, N.; Li, H.; etal. (2010). "A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome". Science. 328 (5979): 710–22. Bibcode: 2010Sci...328..710G. doi: 10.1126/science.1188021. PMC 5100745. PMID 20448178.

Evolution – the facts | National Geographic Human Evolution – the facts | National Geographic

Fossils attributed to H. sapiens, along with stone tools, dated to approximately 300,000 years ago, found at Jebel Irhoud, Morocco [50] yield the earliest fossil evidence for anatomically modern Homo sapiens.

Stein, Richard A. (October 2015). "Copy Number Analysis Starts to Add Up". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 35 (17): 20, 22–23. doi: 10.1089/gen.35.17.09. Humans are primates. Physical and genetic similarities show that the modern human species, Homo sapiens, has a very close relationship to another group of primate species, the apes. Humans and the great apes (large apes) of Africa -- chimpanzees (including bonobos, or so-called “pygmy chimpanzees”) and gorillas -- share a common ancestor that lived between 8 and 6 million years ago. Humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred on that continent. The fossils of early humans who lived between 6 and 2 million years ago come entirely from Africa. The theory that there was a near-extinction event for early humans about 70,000 years ago. savannah hypothesis The jaws of cynodonts resembled modern mammal jaws; the anterior portion, the dentary, held differentiated teeth. This group of animals likely contains a species which is the ancestor of all modern mammals. Their temporal fenestrae merged with their orbits. Their hindlimbs became erect and their posterior bones of the jaw progressively shrunk to the region of the columella. [22]